Spinal Cord Injury: a Review of Current Therapy, Future Treatments, and Basic Science Frontiers

Overview

Journal Neurochem Res

Specialties Chemistry
Neurology

Date 2013 Mar 7

PMID 23462880

Citations 109

Authors

Abhay K Varma

Arabinda Das

Gerald Wallace 4th

John Barry

Alexey A Vertegel

Swapan K Ray

Naren L Banik

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The incidence of acute and chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States is more than 10,000 per year, resulting in 720 cases per million persons enduring permanent disability each year. The economic impact of SCI is estimated to be more than 4 billion dollars annually. Preclinical studies, case reports, and small clinical trials suggest that early treatment may improve neurological recovery. To date, no proven therapeutic modality exists that has demonstrated a positive effect on neurological outcome. Emerging data from recent preclinical and clinical studies offer hope for this devastating condition. This review gives an overview of current basic research and clinical studies for the treatment of SCI.

Citing Articles

Modeling and control of functional electrical stimulation cycling training system.

Sun M, Cheng F, Wang T, Hu C, Wang S, Li X Sci Rep. 2025; 15(1):6452.

PMID: 39987297 PMC: 11846839. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-84046-3.

Adipose-derived stem cell therapy for spinal cord injuries: Advances, challenges, and future directions.

Shimizu Y, Ntege E, Takahara E, Matsuura N, Matsuura R, Kamizato K Regen Ther. 2024; 26:508-519.

PMID: 39161365 PMC: 11331855. DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.07.007.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 pathway as a therapeutic target and regulatory mechanism for spinal cord injury.

Wang X, Niu X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang C, Chen X Neural Regen Res. 2024; 20(8):2231-2244.

PMID: 39104168 PMC: 11759034. DOI: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00119.

Underlying Mechanism of Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization in CNS Injury: A Literature Review.

Xiang L, Lou J, Zhao J, Geng Y, Zhang J, Wu Y Mol Neurobiol. 2024; 62(1):626-642.

PMID: 38888836 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04290-6.

Molars to Medicine: A Focused Review on the Pre-Clinical Investigation and Treatment of Secondary Degeneration following Spinal Cord Injury Using Dental Stem Cells.

Jenkner S, Clark J, Gronthos S, OHare Doig R Cells. 2024; 13(10.

PMID: 38786039 PMC: 11119219. DOI: 10.3390/cells13100817.

References

Cuello A, Stephens P, Tagari P, Sofroniew M, Pearson R . Retrograde changes in the nucleus basalis of the rat, caused by cortical damage, are prevented by exogenous ganglioside GM1. Brain Res. 1986; 376(2):373-7. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90202-7. View

Sykova E, Homola A, Mazanec R, Lachmann H, Konradova S, Kobylka P . Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with subacute and chronic spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant. 2007; 15(8-9):675-87. DOI: 10.3727/000000006783464381. View

Geisler F, Coleman W, Grieco G, Poonian D . Measurements and recovery patterns in a multicenter study of acute spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002; 26(24 Suppl):S68-86. DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200112151-00014. View

Rong W, Wang J, Liu X, Jiang L, Wei F, Zhou H . 17β-estradiol attenuates neural cell apoptosis through inhibition of JNK phosphorylation in SCI rats and excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro. Int J Neurosci. 2012; 122(7):381-7. DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2012.668726. View

Schroeder U, Sommerfeld P, Ulrich S, Sabel B . Nanoparticle technology for delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci. 1998; 87(11):1305-7. DOI: 10.1021/js980084y. View

Sribnick E, Wingrave J, Matzelle D, Wilford G, Ray S, Banik N . Estrogen attenuated markers of inflammation and decreased lesion volume in acute spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurosci Res. 2005; 82(2):283-93. DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20622. View

Ray S, Samantaray S, Smith J, Matzelle D, Das A, Banik N . Inhibition of cysteine proteases in acute and chronic spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics. 2011; 8(2):180-6. PMC: 3101838. DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0037-1. View

Fehlings M, Baptiste D . Current status of clinical trials for acute spinal cord injury. Injury. 2005; 36 Suppl 2:B113-22. DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.06.022. View

Kreuter J, Ramge P, Petrov V, Hamm S, Gelperina S, Engelhardt B . Direct evidence that polysorbate-80-coated poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles deliver drugs to the CNS via specific mechanisms requiring prior binding of drug to the nanoparticles. Pharm Res. 2003; 20(3):409-16. DOI: 10.1023/a:1022604120952. View

10.

Ray S, Matzelle D, Sribnick E, Guyton M, Wingrave J, Banik N . Calpain inhibitor prevented apoptosis and maintained transcription of proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein genes in rat spinal cord injury. J Chem Neuroanat. 2003; 26(2):119-24. DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(03)00044-9. View

11.

Geisler F, Dorsey F, Coleman W . Recovery of motor function after spinal-cord injury--a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with GM-1 ganglioside. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324(26):1829-38. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199106273242601. View

12.

Wingrave J, Schaecher K, Sribnick E, Wilford G, Ray S, Hazen-Martin D . Early induction of secondary injury factors causing activation of calpain and mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis following spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurosci Res. 2003; 73(1):95-104. DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10607. View

13.

Li Y, Field P, Raisman G . Regeneration of adult rat corticospinal axons induced by transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells. J Neurosci. 1998; 18(24):10514-24. PMC: 6793366. View

14.

Pitts L, Ross A, Chase G, Faden A . Treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries. J Neurotrauma. 1995; 12(3):235-43. DOI: 10.1089/neu.1995.12.235. View

15.

Tator C . Review of treatment trials in human spinal cord injury: issues, difficulties, and recommendations. Neurosurgery. 2006; 59(5):957-82. DOI: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000245591.16087.89. View

16.

Bracken M, Shepard M, COLLINS Jr W, Holford T, Baskin D, Eisenberg H . Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurosurg. 1992; 76(1):23-31. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1992.76.1.0023. View

17.

Bomstein Y, Marder J, Vitner K, Smirnov I, Lisaey G, Butovsky O . Features of skin-coincubated macrophages that promote recovery from spinal cord injury. J Neuroimmunol. 2003; 142(1-2):10-6. DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00260-1. View

18.

Uchida K, Nakajima H, Hirai T, Yayama T, Chen K, Guerrero A . The retrograde delivery of adenovirus vector carrying the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects neurons and oligodendrocytes from apoptosis in the chronically compressed spinal cord of twy/twy mice. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012; 37(26):2125-35. DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182600ef7. View

19.

Samantaray S, Sribnick E, Das A, Knaryan V, Matzelle D, Yallapragada A . Melatonin attenuates calpain upregulation, axonal damage and neuronal death in spinal cord injury in rats. J Pineal Res. 2007; 44(4):348-57. PMC: 2613550. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00534.x. View

20.

Wang Y, Lu X, Zhu F, Huang P, Yu Y, Zeng L . The use of a gold nanoparticle-based adjuvant to improve the therapeutic efficacy of hNgR-Fc protein immunization in spinal cord-injured rats. Biomaterials. 2011; 32(31):7988-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.009. View