Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: an Emerging Threat to Obese and Diabetic Individuals

Overview

Journal Ann N Y Acad Sci

Specialty Science

Date 2013 Feb 1

PMID 23363012

Citations 116

Authors

Howard C Masuoka

Naga Chalasani

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the Western world and its incidence is increasing rapidly. NAFLD is a spectrum ranging from simple steatosis, which is relatively benign hepatically, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis. Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia are the most important risk factors for NAFLD. Due to heavy enrichment with metabolic risk factors, individuals with NAFLD are at significantly higher risk for cardiovascular disease. Individuals with NAFLD have higher incidence of type 2 diabetes. The diagnosis of NAFLD requires imaging evidence of hepatic steatosis in the absence of competing etiologies including significant alcohol consumption. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing NASH and for determining prognosis. Weight loss remains a cornerstone of treatment. Weight loss of ~5% is believed to improve steatosis, whereas ~10% weight loss is necessary to improve steatohepatitis. A number of pharmacologic therapies have been investigated to treat NASH, and agents such as vitamin E and thiazolidinediones have shown promise in select patient subgroups.

Citing Articles

Innovative treatments for obesity and NAFLD: A bibliometric study on antioxidants, herbs, phytochemicals, and natural compounds.

Pezzino S, Sofia M, Mazzone C, Litrico G, Greco L, Gallo L Heliyon. 2024; 10(16):e35498.

PMID: 39220898 PMC: 11365328. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35498.

Exploring the link: magnesium intake and hepatic steatosis in Americans.

Chen X, Fu L, Zhu Z, Wang Y Front Nutr. 2024; 11:1367174.

PMID: 38846544 PMC: 11153825. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1367174.

Exploring the association between dietary fiber intake and hepatic steatosis: insights from NHANES.

Chen X, Fu L, Zhu Z, Wang Y BMC Gastroenterol. 2024; 24(1):160.

PMID: 38730369 PMC: 11088015. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03256-1.

ALT poorly predicts Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis as determined by vibration-controlled transient elastography in adult National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018.

Condon S, Hu H, Kong M, Cave M, McClain C Am J Med Sci. 2024; 367(5):310-322.

PMID: 38307172 PMC: 11299156. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.01.022.

Effects of riboflavin deficiency and high dietary fat on hepatic lipid accumulation: a synergetic action in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Wang Y, Bian X, Wan M, Dong W, Gao W, Yao Z Nutr Metab (Lond). 2024; 21(1):1.

PMID: 38169398 PMC: 10763341. DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00775-8.

References

Gutierrez-Grobe Y, Ponciano-Rodriguez G, Ramos M, Uribe M, Mendez-Sanchez N . Prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in premenopausal, posmenopausal and polycystic ovary syndrome women. The role of estrogens. Ann Hepatol. 2010; 9(4):402-9. View

Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, Pagano G . Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann Med. 2010; 43(8):617-49. DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.518623. View

Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, Charlotte F, Hartemann-Heurtier A, Serfaty L . Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135(1):100-10. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.078. View

Brunt E . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: what's new under the microscope?. Gut. 2011; 60(8):1152-8. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.218214. View

Amir M, Czaja M . Autophagy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 5(2):159-66. PMC: 3104297. DOI: 10.1586/egh.11.4. View

Kato H, Isaji S, Azumi Y, Kishiwada M, Hamada T, Mizuno S . Development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) after pancreaticoduodenectomy: proposal of a postoperative NAFLD scoring system. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2009; 17(3):296-304. DOI: 10.1007/s00534-009-0187-2. View

Ratziu V, de Ledinghen V, Oberti F, Mathurin P, Wartelle-Bladou C, Renou C . A randomized controlled trial of high-dose ursodesoxycholic acid for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 2010; 54(5):1011-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.030. View

Dietrich M, Jacques P, Pencina M, Lanier K, Keyes M, Kaur G . Vitamin E supplement use and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: Does the underlying health status play a role?. Atherosclerosis. 2009; 205(2):549-53. PMC: 2717181. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.12.019. View

Charlton M, Burns J, Pedersen R, Watt K, Heimbach J, Dierkhising R . Frequency and outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2011; 141(4):1249-53. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.061. View

10.

Regnell S, Lernmark A . Hepatic steatosis in type 1 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. 2012; 8(4):454-67. PMC: 3359690. DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2011.8.454. View

11.

Hamaguchi M, Kojima T, Takeda N, Nakagawa T, Taniguchi H, Fujii K . The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143(10):722-8. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-143-10-200511150-00009. View

12.

Szczepaniak L, Nurenberg P, Leonard D, Browning J, Reingold J, Grundy S . Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 288(2):E462-8. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00064.2004. View

13.

Hanley A, Williams K, Festa A, Wagenknecht L, DAgostino Jr R, Haffner S . Liver markers and development of the metabolic syndrome: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes. 2005; 54(11):3140-7. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3140. View

14.

Shields W, Thompson K, Grice G, Harrison S, Coyle W . The Effect of Metformin and Standard Therapy versus Standard Therapy alone in Nondiabetic Patients with Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): A Pilot Trial. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2010; 2(3):157-63. PMC: 3002518. DOI: 10.1177/1756283X09105462. View

15.

Joseph A, Dewbury K, McGuire P . Ultrasound in the detection of chronic liver disease (the "bright liver"). Br J Radiol. 1979; 52(615):184-8. DOI: 10.1259/0007-1285-52-615-184. View

16.

Tharayil V, Roberts L . Evaluation of a focal lesion in the liver. answer to the clinical challenges and images in GI question: image 3: Focal fatty infiltration. Gastroenterology. 2010; 139(2):e10-1. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.072. View

17.

Ludwig J, Viggiano T, MCGILL D, Oh B . Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980; 55(7):434-8. View

18.

Gerss J, Kopcke W . The questionable association of vitamin E supplementation and mortality--inconsistent results of different meta-analytic approaches. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2009; 55 Suppl:OL1111-20. View

19.

Browning J . Statins and hepatic steatosis: perspectives from the Dallas Heart Study. Hepatology. 2006; 44(2):466-71. DOI: 10.1002/hep.21248. View

20.

Zhan Y, An W . Roles of liver innate immune cells in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2010; 16(37):4652-60. PMC: 2951515. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i37.4652. View