Whole-genome Sequencing to Delineate Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Outbreaks: a Retrospective Observational Study

Overview

Journal Lancet Infect Dis

Specialty Infectious Diseases

Date 2012 Nov 20

PMID 23158499

Citations 515

Authors

Timothy M Walker

Camilla L C Ip

Ruth H Harrell

Jason T Evans

Georgia Kapatai

Martin J Dedicoat

David W Eyre

Daniel J Wilson

Peter M Hawkey

Derrick W Crook

Julian Parkhill

David Harris

A Sarah Walker

Rory Bowden

Philip Monk

E Grace Smith

Tim E A Peto

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis incidence in the UK has risen in the past decade. Disease control depends on epidemiological data, which can be difficult to obtain. Whole-genome sequencing can detect microevolution within Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. We aimed to estimate the genetic diversity of related M tuberculosis strains in the UK Midlands and to investigate how this measurement might be used to investigate community outbreaks.

Methods: In a retrospective observational study, we used Illumina technology to sequence M tuberculosis genomes from an archive of frozen cultures. We characterised isolates into four groups: cross-sectional, longitudinal, household, and community. We measured pairwise nucleotide differences within hosts and between hosts in household outbreaks and estimated the rate of change in DNA sequences. We used the findings to interpret network diagrams constructed from 11 community clusters derived from mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat data.

Findings: We sequenced 390 separate isolates from 254 patients, including representatives from all five major lineages of M tuberculosis. The estimated rate of change in DNA sequences was 0.5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) per genome per year (95% CI 0.3-0.7) in longitudinal isolates from 30 individuals and 25 families. Divergence is rarely higher than five SNPs in 3 years. 109 (96%) of 114 paired isolates from individuals and households differed by five or fewer SNPs. More than five SNPs separated isolates from none of 69 epidemiologically linked patients, two (15%) of 13 possibly linked patients, and 13 (17%) of 75 epidemiologically unlinked patients (three-way comparison exact p<0.0001). Genetic trees and clinical and epidemiological data suggest that super-spreaders were present in two community clusters.

Interpretation: Whole-genome sequencing can delineate outbreaks of tuberculosis and allows inference about direction of transmission between cases. The technique could identify super-spreaders and predict the existence of undiagnosed cases, potentially leading to early treatment of infectious patients and their contacts.

Funding: Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research, and the Health Protection Agency.

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