Socioeconomic Disparities and Smoking Habits in Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from Isfahan Healthy Heart Program

Overview

Journal Iran Red Crescent Med J

Specialty General Medicine

Date 2012 Jun 28

PMID 22737524

Citations 9

Authors

M Gharipour

R Kelishadi

N Toghianifar

A A Tavassoli

A R Khosravi

F Sajadi

N Sarrafzadegan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background: The metabolic syndrome (Mets) consists of major clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This study determines the association of socioeconomic determinants and smoking behavior in a population-based sample of Iranians with Mets.

Methods: This cross-sectional survey comprised 12600 randomly selected men and women aged ≥ 19 years living in three counties in central part of Iran. They participated in the baseline survey of a community-based program for CVD prevention entitled" Isfahan Healthy Heart Program" in 2000-2001. Subjects with Mets were selected based on NCEP- ATPIII criteria. Demographic data, medical history, lifestyle, smoking habits, physical examination, blood pressure, obesity indices and serum lipids were determined.

Results: The mean age of subjects with Mets was significantly higher. The mean age of smokers in both groups was higher than non-smokers but with lower WC and WHR. Marital status, age and residency were not significantly different in smokers with Mets and non-smokers with Mets. Smoking was more common in the middle educational group in the income category of Quartile 1-3. Mets was significantly related to age, sex and education. Middle-aged and elderly smokers were at approximately 4-5 times higher risk among Mets subjects. Low education decreased the risk of Mets by 0.48; similarly in non-smokers, 6-12 years of education decreased the risk of Mets by 0.72.

Conclusion: More educated persons had a better awareness and behavior related to their health and role of smoking. In the lower social strata of the Iranian population, more efforts are needed against smoking habits.

Citing Articles

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Iranian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Dalvand S, Niksima S, Meshkani R, Gheshlagh R, Sadegh-Nejadi S, Kooti W Iran J Public Health. 2017; 46(4):456-467.

PMID: 28540261 PMC: 5439034.

Socioeconomic determinants and metabolic syndrome: Results from the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program.

Gharipour M, Sadeghi M, Nouri F, Nezafati P, S Qader S, Taheri M Acta Biomed. 2017; 87(3):291-198.

PMID: 28112697 PMC: 10521890.

Effect of age on the phenotype of metabolic syndrome in developing country.

Gharipour M, Sadeghi M, Hosseini M, Andalib E, Boroujeni M, Sarrafzadegan N Adv Biomed Res. 2015; 4:103.

PMID: 26261805 PMC: 4513307. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.157796.

Are there any differences in education levels and changes of cardiovascular risk factors among urban and rural population: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program.

Gharipour M, Bahonar A, Sarrafzadegan N, Khosravi A, Khaledifar A J Educ Health Promot. 2015; 4:24.

PMID: 25883994 PMC: 4392543. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9531.154110.

Association of marital status and marital transition with metabolic syndrome: tehran lipid and glucose study.

Hosseinpour-Niazi S, Mirmiran P, Hosseinpanah F, Fallah-Ghohroudy A, Azizi F Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2015; 12(4):e18980.

PMID: 25745487 PMC: 4338665. DOI: 10.5812/ijem.18980.

References

Ford E . The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study. Atherosclerosis. 2004; 173(2):309-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.12.022. View

Luoto R, Pekkanen J, Uutela A, Tuomilehto J . Cardiovascular risks and socioeconomic status: differences between men and women in Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1994; 48(4):348-54. PMC: 1059982. DOI: 10.1136/jech.48.4.348. View

Tahirovic E, Begic H, Sutovic A, Tahirovic H . [Impact of the family socioeconomic status on health related quality of life in children operated on for congenital heart defects]. Acta Med Croatica. 2010; 64(1):9-16. View

Ford E, Giles W, Dietz W . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002; 287(3):356-9. DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.3.356. View

Bahonar A, Sarrafzadegan N, Kelishadi R, Shirani S, Ramezani M, Taghdisi M . Association of socioeconomic profiles with cardiovascular risk factors in Iran: the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Int J Public Health. 2010; 56(1):37-44. DOI: 10.1007/s00038-010-0125-8. View

Xu H, Song Y, You N, Zhang Z, Greenland S, Ford E . Prevalence and clustering of metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10:683. PMC: 2989965. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-683. View

Zhu S, St-Onge M, Heshka S, Heymsfield S . Lifestyle behaviors associated with lower risk of having the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2004; 53(11):1503-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.04.017. View

Chichlowska K, Rose K, Diez-Roux A, Golden S, McNeill A, Heiss G . Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status characteristics and prevalence of metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Psychosom Med. 2008; 70(9):986-92. PMC: 2993075. DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318183a491. View

Maksimovic M, Vlajinac H, Radak D, Maksimovic J, Marinkovic J, Jorga J . Association of socioeconomic status measured by education and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: cross-sectional study. Croat Med J. 2008; 49(6):824-31. PMC: 2621020. DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2008.49.824. View

10.

Laaksonen M, Knekt P, Rissanen H, Harkanen T, Virtala E, Marniemi J . The relative importance of modifiable potential risk factors of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of two cohorts. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009; 25(2):115-24. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-009-9405-0. View

11.

Tavassoli A, Gharipour M, Khosravi A, Kelishadi R, Siadat Z, Bahonar A . Gender differences in obesogenic behaviour, socioeconomic and metabolic factors in a population-based sample of Iranians: the IHHP study. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011; 28(6):602-9. PMC: 2995029. DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v28i6.6609. View

12.

Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Rosvall M, Janzon L, Lindgarde F . Occupation, marital status, and low-grade inflammation: mutual confounding or independent cardiovascular risk factors?. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005; 26(3):643-8. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000200100.14612.bb. View

13.

Park Y, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon M, Heymsfield S . The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(4):427-36. PMC: 3146257. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.4.427. View

14.

Perel P, Langenberg C, Ferrie J, Moser K, Brunner E, Marmot M . Household wealth and the metabolic syndrome in the Whitehall II study. Diabetes Care. 2006; 29(12):2694-700. DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0022. View

15.

Sarrafzadegan N, Kelishadi R, Baghaei A, Hussein Sadri G, Malekafzali H, Mohammadifard N . Metabolic syndrome: an emerging public health problem in Iranian women: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Int J Cardiol. 2008; 131(1):90-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.10.049. View

16.

Panagiotakos D, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Toutouza M, Belegrinos D . The association between educational status and risk factors related to cardiovascular disease in healthy individuals: The ATTICA study. Ann Epidemiol. 2004; 14(3):188-94. DOI: 10.1016/S1047-2797(03)00117-0. View

17.

Mohammadifard N, Kelishadi R, Safavi M, Sarrafzadegan N, Sajadi F, Sadri G . Effect of a community-based intervention on nutritional behaviour in a developing country setting: the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme. Public Health Nutr. 2009; 12(9):1422-30. DOI: 10.1017/S1368980008004230. View

18.

Azizi F, Ghanbarian A, Momenan A, Hadaegh F, Mirmiran P, Hedayati M . Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II. Trials. 2009; 10:5. PMC: 2656492. DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-10-5. View

19.

Bayturan O, Tuzcu E, Lavoie A, Hu T, Wolski K, Schoenhagen P . The metabolic syndrome, its component risk factors, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(5):478-84. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.551. View

20.

Gharipour M, Kelishadi R, Sarrafzadegan N, Baghaei A, Yazdani M, Anaraki J . The association of smoking with components of the metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic patients. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2008; 37(11):919-23. View