DWARF AND LOW-TILLERING Acts As a Direct Downstream Target of a GSK3/SHAGGY-like Kinase to Mediate Brassinosteroid Responses in Rice

Overview

Journal Plant Cell

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialties Biology
Cell Biology

Date 2012 Jun 12

PMID 22685166

Citations 151

Authors

Hongning Tong

Linchuan Liu

Yun Jin

Lin Du

Yanhai Yin

Qian Qian

Lihuang Zhu

Chengcai Chu

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2) plays a critical role in the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathway by negatively regulating the activities of bri1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1/BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 family transcription factors that regulate the expression of downstream BR-responsive genes. In this study, we analyzed the function of a rice (Oryza sativa) GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase (GSK2), which is one of the orthologs of BIN2. Overexpression of GSK2 (Go) led to plants with typical BR loss-of-function phenotypes, and suppression of GSK2 resulted in enhanced BR signaling phenotypes. DWARF AND LOW-TILLERING (DLT) is a positive regulator that mediates several BR responses in rice. Suppression of DLT can enhance the phenotypes of BR receptor mutant d61-1, and overexpression of DLT obviously suppressed the BR loss-of-function phenotypes of both d61-1 and Go, suggesting that DLT functions downstream of GSK2 to modulate BR responses. Indeed, GSK2 can interact with DLT and phosphorylate DLT. Moreover, brassinolide treatment can induce the dephosphorylation of DLT, leading to the accumulation of dephosphorylated DLT protein. In GSK2 transgenic plants, the DLT phosphorylation level is dictated by the GSK2 level. These results demonstrate that DLT is a GSK2 substrate, further reinforcing that the BIN2/GSK2 kinase has multiple substrates that carry out various BR responses.

Citing Articles

Rice grain size: current regulatory mechanisms and future perspectives.

Yaseen M, Tariq N, Kanwal R, Farooq A, Wang H, Yuan H J Plant Res. 2025; .

PMID: 40056359 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-025-01626-8.

Transcriptomic analysis offers deep insights into the Increased Grain Length 1 (IGL1) regulation of grain length.

Sang L, Xu E, Liu Y, Hu T, Yang M, Niu J BMC Plant Biol. 2025; 25(1):264.

PMID: 40011803 PMC: 11866874. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-025-06279-2.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for yield traits and fine-mapping of using the chromosome segment substitution line-Z708 and dissected single-segment substitution lines.

Zhou K, Yu J, Yu Z, Chi C, Ren J, Zhao Z Front Plant Sci. 2025; 16:1524770.

PMID: 40007961 PMC: 11850545. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1524770.

Gene Pyramiding Strategies for Sink Size and Source Capacity for High-Yield Japonica Rice Breeding.

Ueda T, Taniguchi Y, Adachi S, Shenton M, Hori K, Tanaka J Rice (N Y). 2025; 18(1):6.

PMID: 39945924 PMC: 11825427. DOI: 10.1186/s12284-025-00756-w.

Genome-wide association study identifies QTL and candidate genes for grain size and weight in a Triticum turgidum collection.

Mangini G, Nigro D, Curci P, Simeone R, Blanco A Plant Genome. 2025; 18(1):e20562.

PMID: 39868635 PMC: 11771687. DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20562.

References

Li J, Chory J . A putative leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase involved in brassinosteroid signal transduction. Cell. 1997; 90(5):929-38. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80357-8. View

Xu M, Zhu L, Shou H, Wu P . A PIN1 family gene, OsPIN1, involved in auxin-dependent adventitious root emergence and tillering in rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 2005; 46(10):1674-81. DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci183. View

Poppenberger B, Rozhon W, Khan M, Husar S, Adam G, Luschnig C . CESTA, a positive regulator of brassinosteroid biosynthesis. EMBO J. 2011; 30(6):1149-61. PMC: 3061039. DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.35. View

Clouse S . Brassinosteroid signal transduction: clarifying the pathway from ligand perception to gene expression. Mol Cell. 2002; 10(5):973-82. DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00744-x. View

Fankhauser C, Yeh K, Lagarias J, Zhang H, Elich T, Chory J . PKS1, a substrate phosphorylated by phytochrome that modulates light signaling in Arabidopsis. Science. 1999; 284(5419):1539-41. DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5419.1539. View

Yin Y, Wang Z, Mora-Garcia S, Li J, Yoshida S, Asami T . BES1 accumulates in the nucleus in response to brassinosteroids to regulate gene expression and promote stem elongation. Cell. 2002; 109(2):181-91. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00721-3. View

Li D, Wang L, Wang M, Xu Y, Luo W, Liu Y . Engineering OsBAK1 gene as a molecular tool to improve rice architecture for high yield. Plant Biotechnol J. 2009; 7(8):791-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00444.x. View

Wang X, Goshe M, Soderblom E, Phinney B, Kuchar J, Li J . Identification and functional analysis of in vivo phosphorylation sites of the Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 receptor kinase. Plant Cell. 2005; 17(6):1685-703. PMC: 1143070. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.031393. View

Sun Y, Fan X, Cao D, Tang W, He K, Zhu J . Integration of brassinosteroid signal transduction with the transcription network for plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell. 2010; 19(5):765-77. PMC: 3018842. DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.10.010. View

10.

Li L, Yu X, Thompson A, Guo M, Yoshida S, Asami T . Arabidopsis MYB30 is a direct target of BES1 and cooperates with BES1 to regulate brassinosteroid-induced gene expression. Plant J. 2009; 58(2):275-86. PMC: 2814797. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03778.x. View

11.

Di Laurenzio L, Malamy J, Pysh L, Helariutta Y, Freshour G, Hahn M . The SCARECROW gene regulates an asymmetric cell division that is essential for generating the radial organization of the Arabidopsis root. Cell. 1996; 86(3):423-33. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80115-4. View

12.

Liu X, Bai X, Wang X, Chu C . OsWRKY71, a rice transcription factor, is involved in rice defense response. J Plant Physiol. 2006; 164(8):969-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.07.006. View

13.

Hong Z, Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Umemura K, Uozu S, Fujioka S, Takatsuto S . A rice brassinosteroid-deficient mutant, ebisu dwarf (d2), is caused by a loss of function of a new member of cytochrome P450. Plant Cell. 2003; 15(12):2900-10. PMC: 282825. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.014712. View

14.

Kim T, Guan S, Sun Y, Deng Z, Tang W, Shang J . Brassinosteroid signal transduction from cell-surface receptor kinases to nuclear transcription factors. Nat Cell Biol. 2009; 11(10):1254-60. PMC: 2910619. DOI: 10.1038/ncb1970. View

15.

Tanaka A, Nakagawa H, Tomita C, Shimatani Z, Ohtake M, Nomura T . BRASSINOSTEROID UPREGULATED1, encoding a helix-loop-helix protein, is a novel gene involved in brassinosteroid signaling and controls bending of the lamina joint in rice. Plant Physiol. 2009; 151(2):669-80. PMC: 2754635. DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.140806. View

16.

Wang X, Chory J . Brassinosteroids regulate dissociation of BKI1, a negative regulator of BRI1 signaling, from the plasma membrane. Science. 2006; 313(5790):1118-22. DOI: 10.1126/science.1127593. View

17.

Guo Z, Fujioka S, Blancaflor E, Miao S, Gou X, Li J . TCP1 modulates brassinosteroid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the key biosynthetic gene DWARF4 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2010; 22(4):1161-73. PMC: 2879762. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.109.069203. View

18.

Lee S, Choi S, An G . Rice SVP-group MADS-box proteins, OsMADS22 and OsMADS55, are negative regulators of brassinosteroid responses. Plant J. 2008; 54(1):93-105. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03406.x. View

19.

Tang W, Kim T, Oses-Prieto J, Sun Y, Deng Z, Zhu S . BSKs mediate signal transduction from the receptor kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis. Science. 2008; 321(5888):557-60. PMC: 2730546. DOI: 10.1126/science.1156973. View

20.

Peng P, Yan Z, Zhu Y, Li J . Regulation of the Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 through proteasome-mediated protein degradation. Mol Plant. 2008; 1(2):338-46. PMC: 2519614. DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn001. View