[Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound of Skeletal Muscle]

Functional imaging can increase the role of imaging in muscular diseases, as alterations of muscle morphology alone are non-specific for a particular disease. A good example for these functional imaging techniques is to use contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to visualize and quantify in vivo (patho-) physiological information about the skeletal muscle microcirculation. Perfusion, i.e. the blood flow per tissue unit including capillary flow, is an important functional parameter. Pathological changes of skeletal muscle perfusion can be found in various clinical conditions, such as degenerative or inflammatory myopathy or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This article reviews the theoretical basics of functional radiological techniques for assessing skeletal muscle perfusion and focuses on applications of microvascular imaging by CEUS which has improved the diagnosis of these muscular disorders. For evaluation of myositis, CEUS is more efficient in the diagnostic work-up than routine b-mode ultrasound because CEUS can detect inflammation-induced muscular hyperperfusion in acute myositis. This has already been demonstrated by high-mechanical index techniques using a first generation ultrasound contrast agent. Low-mechanical index CEUS techniques that require the use of a second generation contrast agent allow real-time quantification of muscular microcirculation at rest and during exercise. Using this CEUS method, the influence of different exercise intensities on the microcirculation of the exercising muscle becomes detectable. Moreover, the arterial perfusion reserve in PAD can be adequately examined using low-mechanical index CEUS. Initial findings have shown that the arterial perfusion reserve in patients suffering from PAD is reduced in comparison to healthy volunteers. In conclusion, modern CEUS techniques can offer deeper insights in muscular (patho-) physiology than just illustrating unspecific myopathic manifestations using conventional diagnostic imaging, such as edematous or lipomatous changes, hypertrophy or atrophy.