Prognostic Factors for Post-operative Seizure Outcomes After Cavernous Malformation Treatment

Although patients with cerebral cavernous malformations may remain asymptomatic, they often present with neurological symptoms of headache, hemorrhage and, most commonly, seizure. A review of articles published between 1985 and 2009 was performed to elucidate the prognostic factors which may predict post-operative seizure control. The following characteristics were found to consistently correlate with a more favorable post-operative seizure-free outcome: (i) extent of resection of the cavernous malformation and its surrounding hemosiderin rim; (ii) single or sporadic seizures compared to chronic epilepsy; (iii) illness duration less than 1 or 2 years; and (iv) size of cavernous malformation less than 1.5 cm. Radiosurgery may achieve post-operative seizure-free rates ranging from 25% to 64.3%, and may be an alternative to surgical resection for deep or eloquent cavernous malformations, or those in patients with co-morbidities. There was no clear association between post-operative seizures and either lesion location, age, or gender. Prognostic features of cavernous malformations should be utilized for both guidance of lesion treatment, and prediction of post-operative seizure outcomes.