An Update on Hormone Replacement Therapy: Health and Medicine for Women: a Multidisciplinary, Evidence-based Review of Mid-life Health Concerns

Overview

Journal Yale J Biol Med

Specialty Biology

Date 2011 Apr 1

PMID 21451783

Citations 9

Authors

Lydia L Shook

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences at the Yale School of Medicine hosted a daylong continuing medical education (CME) symposium titled "Health and Medicine for Women: A Multidisciplinary, Evidence-Based Review of Mid-Life Health Concerns" in September 2010. A number of speakers discussed current research on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and re-evaluated the results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a landmark, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that still sparks debate almost a decade after its conclusion. This article summarizes this discussion and highlights directions for future study.

Citing Articles

Probiotic Kefir Improves Renal Disorders in Ovariectomized Female SHR with High Fructose Intake-Induced Metabolic Syndrome.

da Silva Escouto L, Batista T, Peixoto P, Firmino F, Ronchi S, de Souza Barroso M Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2025; .

PMID: 40080096 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-025-10490-w.

The Role of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) in Vascular Pathology and Physiology.

Xu F, Ma J, Wang X, Wang X, Fang W, Sun J Biomolecules. 2023; 13(9).

PMID: 37759810 PMC: 10526873. DOI: 10.3390/biom13091410.

Water Extract of Selectively Exerts Estrogenic Activities in Ovariectomized Rats and Estrogen Receptor-Positive Cells.

Zhou L, Wong K, Poon C, Yu W, Xiao H, Chan C Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022; 13:817146.

PMID: 35282447 PMC: 8908013. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.817146.

The Effects of Osteoporotic and Non-osteoporotic Medications on Fracture Risk and Bone Mineral Density.

van der Burgh A, de Keyser C, Zillikens M, Stricker B Drugs. 2021; 81(16):1831-1858.

PMID: 34724173 PMC: 8578161. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01625-8.

CD45ROCD8 T cell-derived exosomes restrict estrogen-driven endometrial cancer development via the ERβ/miR-765/PLP2/Notch axis.

Zhou W, Zhang J, Xie F, Wu J, Ye J, Wang J Theranostics. 2021; 11(11):5330-5345.

PMID: 33859750 PMC: 8039953. DOI: 10.7150/thno.58337.

References

Clarkson T, Anthony M, Wagner J . A comparison of tibolone and conjugated equine estrogens effects on coronary artery atherosclerosis and bone density of postmenopausal monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86(11):5396-404. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.11.8021. View

Shumaker S, Legault C, Kuller L, Rapp S, Thal L, Lane D . Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA. 2004; 291(24):2947-58. DOI: 10.1001/jama.291.24.2947. View

Chlebowski R, Hendrix S, Langer R, Stefanick M, Gass M, Lane D . Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003; 289(24):3243-53. DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.24.3243. View

Joffe H, Hall J, Gruber S, Sarmiento I, Cohen L, Yurgelun-Todd D . Estrogen therapy selectively enhances prefrontal cognitive processes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with functional magnetic resonance imaging in perimenopausal and recently postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2006; 13(3):411-22. DOI: 10.1097/01.gme.0000189618.48774.7b. View

Hsia J, Langer R, Manson J, Kuller L, Johnson K, Hendrix S . Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166(3):357-65. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.166.3.357. View

Soares C, Almeida O, Joffe H, Cohen L . Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58(6):529-34. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.529. View

Mikkola T, Clarkson T . Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function. Cardiovasc Res. 2002; 53(3):605-19. DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00466-7. View

Rasgon N, Dunkin J, Fairbanks L, Altshuler L, Troung C, Elman S . Estrogen and response to sertraline in postmenopausal women with major depressive disorder: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res. 2006; 41(3-4):338-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.009. View

Fournier A, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F . Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007; 107(1):103-11. PMC: 2211383. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9523-x. View

10.

Chlebowski R, Anderson G, Gass M, Lane D, Aragaki A, Kuller L . Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2010; 304(15):1684-92. PMC: 5142300. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1500. View

11.

Manson J, Hsia J, Johnson K, Rossouw J, Assaf A, Lasser N . Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349(6):523-34. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030808. View

12.

Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B . Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998; 280(7):605-13. DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.7.605. View

13.

Stefanick M, Anderson G, Margolis K, Hendrix S, Rodabough R, Paskett E . Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006; 295(14):1647-57. DOI: 10.1001/jama.295.14.1647. View