The Effect of Lens-induced Anisometropia on Accommodation and Vergence During Human Visual Development

Overview

Journal Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Specialty Ophthalmology

Date 2011 Feb 8

PMID 21296822

Citations 11

Authors

Shrikant R Bharadwaj

T Rowan Candy

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: Clear and single binocular vision, a prerequisite for normal human visual development, is achieved through accommodation and vergence. Anisometropia is associated with abnormal visual development, but its impact on accommodation and vergence, and therefore on the individual's visual experience, is not known. This study determined the impact of transiently induced anisometropia on accommodative and vergence performance of the typically developing human visual system.

Methods: One hundred eighteen subjects (age range, 2.9 months to 41.1 years) watched a cartoon movie that moved between 80 and 33 cm under six different viewing conditions: binocular and monocular, and with ±2 diopters (D) and ±4 D of lens-induced anisometropia. Twenty-one subjects (age range, 3.1 months to 12.1 years) also watched the movie with 11% induced aniseikonia. Accommodation and vergence were recorded in both eyes using a videoretinoscope (25 Hz).

Results: The main effect of viewing condition was statistically significant for both accommodation and vergence (both P < 0.001), with monocular accommodative and vergence gains statistically significantly smaller than the binocular and four induced anisometropia conditions (P < 0.001 for both accommodation and vergence). The main effect of age approached significance for accommodation (P = 0.06) and was not significant for vergence (P = 0.32). Accommodative and vergence gains with induced aniseikonia were not statistically significantly different from the binocular condition (both P > 0.5).

Conclusions: Accommodative and vergence gains of the typically developing visual system deteriorated marginally (accommodation more than vergence) with transiently induced anisometropia (up to ±4 D) and did not deteriorate significantly with induced aniseikonia of 11%. Some binocular cues remained with ±4 D of induced anisometropia and 11% induced aniseikonia, as indicated by the accommodative and vergence gains being higher than in monocular viewing.

Citing Articles

Orbicularis oculi muscle activity during computer reading under different degrees of artificially-induced aniseikonia.

Redondo B, Vera J, Molina R, Molina-Molina A, Jimenez R PeerJ. 2024; 12:e17293.

PMID: 38770099 PMC: 11104340. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17293.

Prediction of spherical equivalent difference before and after cycloplegia in school-age children with machine learning algorithms.

Du B, Wang Q, Luo Y, Jin N, Rong H, Wang X Front Public Health. 2023; 11:1096330.

PMID: 37113174 PMC: 10126339. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1096330.

Eyes of Aniso-Axial Length Individuals Share Generally Similar Corneal Biometrics with Normal Eyes in Cataract Population.

Zhang M, Chen T, Deng M, Chen J, Jing Q, Jiang Y J Ophthalmol. 2020; 2020:4760978.

PMID: 33178451 PMC: 7648247. DOI: 10.1155/2020/4760978.

Prescription for astigmatic ametropia revisited.

Faria-E-Sousa S Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2020; 83(4):342-345.

PMID: 32756795 PMC: 11826581. DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20200072.

Measuring aniseikonia tolerance range for stereoacuity - a tool for the refractive surgeon.

Krarup T, Nisted I, Kjaerbo H, Christensen U, Kiilgaard J, La Cour M Acta Ophthalmol. 2020; 99(1):e43-e53.

PMID: 32558241 PMC: 7891617. DOI: 10.1111/aos.14507.

References

Rutstein R, Corliss D . Relationship between anisometropia, amblyopia, and binocularity. Optom Vis Sci. 1999; 76(4):229-33. DOI: 10.1097/00006324-199904000-00026. View

Schor C, Heckmann T, Tyler C . Binocular fusion limits are independent of contrast, luminance gradient and component phases. Vision Res. 1989; 29(7):821-35. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90094-1. View

Barrett B, Candy T, McGraw P, Bradley A . Probing the causes of visual acuity loss in patients diagnosed with functional amblyopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2005; 25(3):175-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2005.00280.x. View

Westheimer G . VISUAL ACUITY. Annu Rev Psychol. 1965; 16:359-80. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ps.16.020165.002043. View

Larsen J . The sagittal growth of the eye. 1. Ultrasonic measurement of the depth of the anterior chamber from birth to puberty. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1971; 49(2):239-62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1971.tb00949.x. View

Gamlin P . Subcortical neural circuits for ocular accommodation and vergence in primates. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2000; 19(2):81-9. DOI: 10.1046/j.1475-1313.1999.00434.x. View

Mayer D, Hansen R, Moore B, Kim S, Fulton A . Cycloplegic refractions in healthy children aged 1 through 48 months. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001; 119(11):1625-8. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.119.11.1625. View

Howland H, Dobson V, Sayles N . Accommodation in infants as measured by photorefraction. Vision Res. 1987; 27(12):2141-52. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(87)90128-3. View

Flitcroft D, Judge S, Morley J . Binocular interactions in accommodation control: effects of anisometropic stimuli. J Neurosci. 1992; 12(1):188-203. PMC: 6575708. View

10.

Riddell P, Hainline L, Abramov I . Calibration of the Hirschberg test in human infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35(2):538-43. View

11.

Kulikowski J . Limit of single vision in stereopsis depends on contour sharpness. Nature. 1978; 275(5676):126-7. DOI: 10.1038/275126a0. View

12.

Judge S . How is binocularity maintained during convergence and divergence?. Eye (Lond). 1996; 10 ( Pt 2):172-6. DOI: 10.1038/eye.1996.43. View

13.

Chin S, Hampson K, Mallen E . Binocular correlation of ocular aberration dynamics. Opt Express. 2008; 16(19):14731-45. DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.014731. View

14.

BALL E . A study of consensual accommodation. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1952; 29(11):561-74. View

15.

Ingram R . Refraction of 1-year-old children after atropine cycloplegia. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979; 63(5):343-7. PMC: 1043485. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.63.5.343. View

16.

Horwood A, Turner J, Houston S, Riddell P . Variations in accommodation and convergence responses in a minimally controlled photorefractive setting. Optom Vis Sci. 2002; 78(11):791-804. DOI: 10.1097/00006324-200111000-00009. View

17.

OGLE K, MUSSEY F, PRANGEN A . Fixation disparity and the fusional processes in binocular single vision. Am J Ophthalmol. 1949; 32(8):1069-87. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(49)90649-2. View

18.

Phillips J . Monovision slows juvenile myopia progression unilaterally. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005; 89(9):1196-200. PMC: 1772844. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.064212. View

19.

Schor C, Heckmann T . Interocular differences in contrast and spatial frequency: effects on stereopsis and fusion. Vision Res. 1989; 29(7):837-47. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(89)90095-3. View

20.

Blade P, Candy T . Validation of the PowerRefractor for measuring human infant refraction. Optom Vis Sci. 2006; 83(6):346-53. PMC: 2755530. DOI: 10.1097/01.opx.0000221402.35099.fb. View