Direct Carboxylation of Arenes and Halobenzenes with CO2 by the Combined Use of AlBr3 and R3SiCl

The Lewis acid-mediated direct carboxylation of aromatic compounds with CO2 is efficiently promoted by the addition of silyl chlorides bearing three alkyl and/or aryl substituents in total on the silicon atom. Thus, toluene, xylenes, mesitylene, and some other alkylbenzenes are treated with a 1:1 mixture of AlBr3 and Ph3SiCl in neat substrates under CO2 pressure (3.0 MPa) at room temperature, to give the corresponding carboxylic acids in 60-97% yields, based on AlBr3. Polycyclic arenes, including naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl, are regioselectively carboxylated in 91-98% yields with the aid of 1 molar equiv of AlBr3 and Ph3SiCl in an appropriate solvent, chosen from benzene, chlorobenzene, and fluorobenzene. These solvents, as well as bromobenzene, resist carboxylation; however, they are also carboxylated in moderate yields when treated with a 1:5 mixture of AlBr3 and (i)PrSiCl at elevated temperatures. The FT-IR spectrum of a mixture prepared by exposing a suspension of AlBr3 and Ph3SiCl in cyclohexane to CO2 exhibits an absorption band around 1650 cm(-1), assigned to the C═O stretching vibration of a species consisting of CO2, AlBr3, and Ph3SiCl, which suggests that the silyl chlorides activate CO2 in cooperation with AlBr3. (1)H NMR analysis of unworked-up reaction mixtures reveals that the products merge as aluminum carboxylates. The mass balance concerning silicon indicates that the silyl chlorides are recycled during the reaction sequence. On the basis of these observations, a feasible mechanism is proposed for the present carboxylation.