Reliability and Validity of Axis I of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) with Proposed Revisions

Overview

Journal J Oral Rehabil

Specialty Dentistry

Date 2010 Jul 29

PMID 20663019

Citations 28

Authors

J O Look

E L Schiffman

E L Truelove

M Ahmad

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD) have been employed internationally since 1992 for the study of temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders (TMD). This diagnostic protocol incorporates a dual system for assessment of TMD for Axis I physical diagnoses as well as Axis II psychological status and pain-related disability. Because the reliability and criterion validity of RDC/TMD had not yet been comprehensively characterised, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research funded in 2001 the most definitive research to date on the RDC/TMD as a U01 project entitled, 'Research Diagnostic Criteria: Reliability and Validity'. The results of this multi-site collaboration involving the University of Minnesota, the University of Washington, and the University at Buffalo were first reported at a pre-session workshop of the Toronto general session of the International Association of Dental Research on 2 July 2008. Summaries of five reports from this meeting are presented in this paper including: (i) reliability of RDC/TMD Axis I diagnoses based on clinical signs and symptoms; (ii) reliability of radiographic interpretations used for RDC/TMD Axis I diagnoses; (iii) reliability of self-report data used for RDC/TMD Axis I diagnoses; (iv) validity of RDC/TMD Axis I diagnoses based on clinical signs and symptoms; and (v) proposed revisions of the RDC/TMD Axis I diagnostic algorithms.

Citing Articles

Temporomandibular disorder prevalence in malocclusion patients: a meta-analysis.

Huang L, Xu Y, Xiao Z, Liu Y, Luo F Head Face Med. 2025; 21(1):13.

PMID: 40011997 PMC: 11863559. DOI: 10.1186/s13005-025-00490-0.

Correlations of temporomandibular joint morphology and position using cone-beam computed tomography and dynamic functional analysis in orthodontic patients: A cross-sectional study.

Xu B, Park J, Kim S Korean J Orthod. 2024; 54(5):325-341.

PMID: 39317705 PMC: 11422681. DOI: 10.4041/kjod24.089.

Clinical aspects of mastication myalgia-an overview.

Barjandi G, Svedenlof J, Jasim H, Collin M, Hedenberg-Magnusson B, Christidis N Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2024; 4:1306475.

PMID: 38264542 PMC: 10803665. DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1306475.

Association between Sleep Disorders and Sleep Quality in Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review.

Sanchez Romero E, Martinez-Pozas O, Garcia-Gonzalez M, de-Pedro M, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Esteban-Gonzalez P Biomedicines. 2022; 10(9).

PMID: 36140244 PMC: 9495859. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092143.

[Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in seniors-Symptom-related analyses in younger and older seniors].

Rauch A, Angrik C, Zenthofer A, Weber S, Hahnel S, Nitschke I Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2021; 55(6):482-488.

PMID: 34351483 PMC: 9508207. DOI: 10.1007/s00391-021-01954-z.

References

Steenks M, Faber J, Bosman F . Diagnostic value of orthopedic tests in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Dent Res. 1993; 72(10):1443-53. DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720101501. View

Wolfe F, Smythe H, Yunus M, Bennett R, Bombardier C, Goldenberg D . The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990; 33(2):160-72. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780330203. View

Dworkin S, Huggins K, Wilson L, Mancl L, Turner J, Massoth D . A randomized clinical trial using research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders-axis II to target clinic cases for a tailored self-care TMD treatment program. J Orofac Pain. 2002; 16(1):48-63. View

Look J, John M, Tai F, Huggins K, Lenton P, Truelove E . The Research Diagnostic Criteria For Temporomandibular Disorders. II: reliability of Axis I diagnoses and selected clinical measures. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24(1):25-34. PMC: 3098131. View

DeRogatis L, Lipman R, Covi L . SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1973; 9(1):13-28. View

Sackett D . Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis. 1979; 32(1-2):51-63. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2. View

Dworkin S, LeResche L . Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord. 1992; 6(4):301-55. View

Visscher C, Lobbezoo F, Naeije M . A reliability study of dynamic and static pain tests in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Orofac Pain. 2007; 21(1):39-45. View

de Wijer A, Steenks M, Bosman F . Interexaminer reliability of six orthopaedic tests in diagnostic subgroups of craniomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 1994; 21(3):273-85. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1994.tb01143.x. View

10.

Bossuyt P, Reitsma J, Bruns D, Gatsonis C, Glasziou P, Irwig L . Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Clin Chem. 2003; 49(1):1-6. DOI: 10.1373/49.1.1. View

11.

Ludlow J, Davies K, Tyndall D . Temporomandibular joint imaging: a comparative study of diagnostic accuracy for the detection of bone change with biplanar multidirectional tomography and panoramic images. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995; 80(6):735-43. DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(05)80259-8. View

12.

Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, Tai F, Anderson G, Pan W . The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. V: methods used to establish and validate revised Axis I diagnostic algorithms. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24(1):63-78. PMC: 3115779. View

13.

Ahmad M, Hollender L, Anderson Q, Kartha K, Ohrbach R, Truelove E . Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD): development of image analysis criteria and examiner reliability for image analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009; 107(6):844-60. PMC: 3139469. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.02.023. View

14.

Schiffman E, Fricton J, Haley D . The relationship of occlusion, parafunctional habits and recent life events to mandibular dysfunction in a non-patient population. J Oral Rehabil. 1992; 19(3):201-23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1992.tb01095.x. View

15.

Von Korff M, Ormel J, Keefe F, Dworkin S . Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain. 1992; 50(2):133-149. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90154-4. View

16.

Schiffman E, Truelove E, Ohrbach R, Anderson G, John M, List T . The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. I: overview and methodology for assessment of validity. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24(1):7-24. PMC: 3157055. View

17.

Anderson G, Schulte J, Aeppli D . Reliability of the evaluation of occlusal contacts in the intercuspal position. J Prosthet Dent. 1993; 70(4):320-3. DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(93)90215-a. View

18.

John M, Dworkin S, Mancl L . Reliability of clinical temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. Pain. 2005; 118(1-2):61-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.07.018. View

19.

Truelove E, Pan W, Look J, Mancl L, Ohrbach R, Velly A . The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. III: validity of Axis I diagnoses. J Orofac Pain. 2010; 24(1):35-47. PMC: 3157051. View

20.

Ohrbach R, Gale E . Pressure pain thresholds, clinical assessment, and differential diagnosis: reliability and validity in patients with myogenic pain. Pain. 1989; 39(2):157-169. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(89)90003-1. View