An Algorithmic Approach to Breast Reconstruction Using Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flaps

Background: Innovative surgical techniques developed by surgical oncologists have changed the landscape of mastectomy defects. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap-based breast reconstruction provides a reliable foundation for breast reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differential skin island designs with latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction, and to develop an algorithmic approach to breast reconstruction that is applicable to a broad spectrum of mastectomy defects.

Methods: In this study, the authors retrospectively reviewed data of patients who underwent latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap reconstruction following unilateral or bilateral mastectomies between February of 2001 and April of 2005. Patients were selected to undergo reconstruction under the following circumstances: (1) previously irradiated tissue, (2) body mass index greater than 30, (3) current tobacco use, (4) previous abdominopelvic surgery, and (5) patient preference. Patients were divided into three groups based on defect present: intact inframammary fold with skin deficit, intact inframammary fold without skin deficit, and absent inframammary fold with or without skin deficit. Differential skin island design was customized to the presenting mastectomy defect to optimize results and minimize donor-site scaring.

Results: Fifty-four patients underwent 64 latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap reconstructions. Aesthetic outcomes and donor-site scar placement differed between groups.

Conclusions: The authors have developed an algorithmic approach to latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction. Through critical evaluation of mastectomy defects, reconstructive breast surgeons can tailor skin island orientation, minimize donor-site scarring, enhance cosmetic outcomes, and provide a durable and natural aesthetic outcome in breast reconstruction with the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.