Systemic Acquired Resistance

Overview

Journal Plant Signal Behav

Specialty Biology

Date 2009 Jun 13

PMID 19521483

Citations 102

Authors

Uwe Conrath

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Upon infection with necrotizing pathogens many plants develop an enhanced resistance to further pathogen attack also in the uninoculated organs. This type of enhanced resistance is referred to as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In the SAR state, plants are primed (sensitized) to more quickly and more effectively activate defense responses the second time they encounter pathogen attack. Since SAR depends on the ability to access past experience, acquired disease resistance is a paradigm for the existence of a form of "plant memory". Although the phenomenon has been known since the beginning of the 20th century, major progress in the understanding of SAR was made over the past sixteen years. This review covers the current knowledge of molecular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms that are associated with SAR.

Citing Articles

Induced Systemic Resistance-Mediated Defense Against Alternaria Blight Disease in Lentil by Pesticide Degrading Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria.

Roy T, Bandopadhyay A, Majumdar S, Alam S, Das N Curr Microbiol. 2025; 82(3):109.

PMID: 39893605 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-025-04083-7.

Enhancing salicylic acid levels by its exogenous pretreatment to mitigate Fusarium oxysporum-induced biotic stress in Vigna mungo: defense pathways insights.

Duhan L, Kumar D, Pasrija R Plant Cell Rep. 2024; 44(1):2.

PMID: 39652267 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03394-6.

Transcription-Aided Selection (TAS) for Crop Disease Resistance: Strategy and Evidence.

Huang J, Qi G, Li M, Yu Y, Zhang E, Liu Y Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(22).

PMID: 39595949 PMC: 11593552. DOI: 10.3390/ijms252211879.

Enzyme Inhibitors as Multifaceted Tools in Medicine and Agriculture.

Del Prete S, Pagano M Molecules. 2024; 29(18).

PMID: 39339309 PMC: 11433695. DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184314.

5-mC methylation study of sORFs in 3'UTR of transcription factor JUNGBRUNNEN 1-like during leaf rust pathogenesis in wheat.

Afreen U, Kumar M Mol Biol Rep. 2024; 51(1):801.

PMID: 39001882 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09718-9.

References

Cosma M . Ordered recruitment: gene-specific mechanism of transcription activation. Mol Cell. 2002; 10(2):227-36. DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00604-4. View

Zimmerli L, Jakab G, Metraux J, Mauch-Mani B . Potentiation of pathogen-specific defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis by beta -aminobutyric acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97(23):12920-5. PMC: 18865. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.230416897. View

Kohler A, Schwindling S, Conrath U . Benzothiadiazole-induced priming for potentiated responses to pathogen infection, wounding, and infiltration of water into leaves requires the NPR1/NIM1 gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2002; 128(3):1046-56. PMC: 152216. DOI: 10.1104/pp.010744. View

Delaney T, Uknes S, Vernooij B, Friedrich L, Weymann K, Negrotto D . A central role of salicylic Acid in plant disease resistance. Science. 1994; 266(5188):1247-50. DOI: 10.1126/science.266.5188.1247. View

Mur L, Brown I, Darby R, Bestwick C, Bi Y, Mansfield J . A loss of resistance to avirulent bacterial pathogens in tobacco is associated with the attenuation of a salicylic acid-potentiated oxidative burst. Plant J. 2000; 23(5):609-21. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00825.x. View

Kauss H, Jeblick W . Pretreatment of Parsley Suspension Cultures with Salicylic Acid Enhances Spontaneous and Elicited Production of H2O2. Plant Physiol. 1995; 108(3):1171-1178. PMC: 157470. DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.3.1171. View

Maldonado A, Doerner P, Dixon R, Lamb C, Cameron R . A putative lipid transfer protein involved in systemic resistance signalling in Arabidopsis. Nature. 2002; 419(6905):399-403. DOI: 10.1038/nature00962. View

Conrath U, Pieterse C, Mauch-Mani B . Priming in plant-pathogen interactions. Trends Plant Sci. 2002; 7(5):210-6. DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02244-6. View

Zimmerli L, Metraux J, Mauch-Mani B . beta-Aminobutyric acid-induced protection of Arabidopsis against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Plant Physiol. 2001; 126(2):517-23. PMC: 111145. DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.2.517. View

10.

Kinkema M, Fan W, Dong X . Nuclear localization of NPR1 is required for activation of PR gene expression. Plant Cell. 2001; 12(12):2339-2350. PMC: 102222. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.12.12.2339. View

11.

Jirage D, Tootle T, Reuber T, Frost L, Feys B, Parker J . Arabidopsis thaliana PAD4 encodes a lipase-like gene that is important for salicylic acid signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96(23):13583-8. PMC: 23991. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.23.13583. View

12.

Ng D, Chandrasekharan M, Hall T . Ordered histone modifications are associated with transcriptional poising and activation of the phaseolin promoter. Plant Cell. 2005; 18(1):119-32. PMC: 1323488. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.037010. View

13.

Vernooij B, Friedrich L, Morse A, Reist R, Ward E, Uknes S . Salicylic Acid Is Not the Translocated Signal Responsible for Inducing Systemic Acquired Resistance but Is Required in Signal Transduction. Plant Cell. 1994; 6(7):959-965. PMC: 160492. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.6.7.959. View

14.

Malamy J, Carr J, Klessig D, Raskin I . Salicylic Acid: a likely endogenous signal in the resistance response of tobacco to viral infection. Science. 1990; 250(4983):1002-4. DOI: 10.1126/science.250.4983.1002. View

15.

Mou Z, Fan W, Dong X . Inducers of plant systemic acquired resistance regulate NPR1 function through redox changes. Cell. 2003; 113(7):935-44. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00429-x. View

16.

He P, Warren R, Zhao T, Shan L, Zhu L, Tang X . Overexpression of Pti5 in tomato potentiates pathogen-induced defense gene expression and enhances disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2002; 14(12):1453-7. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.12.1453. View

17.

Bowling S, Clarke J, Liu Y, Klessig D, Dong X . The cpr5 mutant of Arabidopsis expresses both NPR1-dependent and NPR1-independent resistance. Plant Cell. 1997; 9(9):1573-84. PMC: 157034. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.9.9.1573. View

18.

Shah J, Tsui F, Klessig D . Characterization of a salicylic acid-insensitive mutant (sai1) of Arabidopsis thaliana, identified in a selective screen utilizing the SA-inducible expression of the tms2 gene. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 1997; 10(1):69-78. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.1.69. View

19.

Mauch F, Mauch-Mani B, Gaille C, Kull B, Haas D, Reimmann C . Manipulation of salicylate content in Arabidopsis thaliana by the expression of an engineered bacterial salicylate synthase. Plant J. 2001; 25(1):67-77. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00940.x. View

20.

Frye C, Innes R . An Arabidopsis mutant with enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Plant Cell. 1998; 10(6):947-56. PMC: 144036. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.10.6.947. View