Surface Layers of Bacteria

Overview

Journal Microbiol Rev

Publisher American Society for Microbiology

Specialty Microbiology

Date 1991 Dec 1

PMID 1723487

Citations 78

Authors

T J Beveridge

L L Graham

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Since bacteria are so small, microscopy has traditionally been used to study them as individual cells. To this end, electron microscopy has been a most powerful tool for studying bacterial surfaces; the viewing of macromolecular arrangements of some surfaces is now possible. This review compares older conventional electron-microscopic methods with new cryotechniques currently available and the results each has produced. Emphasis is not placed on the methodology but, rather, on the importance of the results in terms of our perception of the makeup and function of bacterial surfaces and their interaction with the surrounding environment.

Citing Articles

Directional Swimming of B. Subtilis Bacteria Near a Switchable Polar Surface.

Kodithuwakku Arachchige M, Siddiquee Z, Baza H, Twieg R, Lavrentovich O, Jakli A Small. 2024; 21(5):e2403088.

PMID: 39668445 PMC: 11798350. DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403088.

Cell envelope diversity and evolution across the bacterial tree of life.

Hashimi A, Tocheva E Nat Microbiol. 2024; 9(10):2475-2487.

PMID: 39294462 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01812-9.

The application of bacteria-nanomaterial hybrids in antitumor therapy.

Xiao S, Mu M, Feng C, Pan S, Chen N J Nanobiotechnology. 2024; 22(1):536.

PMID: 39227831 PMC: 11373302. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02793-x.

Hyperbaric oxygen enhances tumor penetration and accumulation of engineered bacteria for synergistic photothermal immunotherapy.

Xu K, Wu S, Wang Z, Guo Y, Zhu Y, Li C Nat Commun. 2024; 15(1):5147.

PMID: 38886343 PMC: 11183253. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49156-6.

Adhesion of and to Films and Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds from Composites of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with Magnetic Nanoparticles in a Low-Frequency Magnetic Field.

Voinova V, Zhuikov V, Zhuikova Y, Sorokina A, Makhina T, Bonartseva G Int J Mol Sci. 2024; 25(1).

PMID: 38203380 PMC: 10778586. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010208.

References

VANHARREVELD A, Crowell J . ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AFTER RAPID FREEZING ON A METAL SURFACE AND SUBSTITUTION FIXATION. Anat Rec. 1964; 149:381-5. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091490307. View

Beveridge T, Meloche J, Fyfe W, Murray R . Diagenesis of metals chemically complexed to bacteria: laboratory formation of metal phosphates, sulfides, and organic condensates in artificial sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983; 45(3):1094-108. PMC: 242412. DOI: 10.1128/aem.45.3.1094-1108.1983. View

Ferris F, Schultze S, Witten T, Fyfe W, Beveridge T . Metal Interactions with Microbial Biofilms in Acidic and Neutral pH Environments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989; 55(5):1249-57. PMC: 184285. DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.5.1249-1257.1989. View

McLean R, Beauchemin D, Clapham L, Beveridge T . Metal-Binding Characteristics of the Gamma-Glutamyl Capsular Polymer of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990; 56(12):3671-7. PMC: 185050. DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.12.3671-3677.1990. View

Hobot J, Villiger W, Escaig J, Maeder M, RYTER A, Kellenberger E . Shape and fine structure of nucleoids observed on sections of ultrarapidly frozen and cryosubstituted bacteria. J Bacteriol. 1985; 162(3):960-71. PMC: 215869. DOI: 10.1128/jb.162.3.960-971.1985. View

Graham L, Beveridge T . Effect of chemical fixatives on accurate preservation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis structure in cells prepared by freeze-substitution. J Bacteriol. 1990; 172(4):2150-9. PMC: 208715. DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.4.2150-2159.1990. View

Golovchenko J . The tunneling microscope: a new look at the atomic world. Science. 1986; 232(4746):48-53. DOI: 10.1126/science.232.4746.48. View

Costerton J . The role of electron microscopy in the elucidation of bacterial structure and function. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1979; 33:459-79. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.mi.33.100179.002331. View

Howard R, Aist J . Hyphal tip cell ultrastructure of the fungus Fusarium: improved preservation by freeze-substitution. J Ultrastruct Res. 1979; 66(3):224-34. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(79)90120-5. View

10.

Bayer M, Thurow H . Polysaccharide capsule of Escherichia coli: microscope study of its size, structure, and sites of synthesis. J Bacteriol. 1977; 130(2):911-36. PMC: 235297. DOI: 10.1128/jb.130.2.911-936.1977. View

11.

STANIER R, COHEN-BAZIRE G . Phototrophic prokaryotes: the cyanobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1977; 31:225-74. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.001301. View

12.

Glaeser R, Chiu W, Grano D . Structure of the surface layer protein of the outer membrane of Spirillum serpens. J Ultrastruct Res. 1979; 66(3):235-42. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(79)90121-7. View

13.

Muhlradt P, Golecki J . Asymmetrical distribution and artifactual reorientation of lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane bilayer of Salmonella typhimurium. Eur J Biochem. 1975; 51(2):343-52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb03934.x. View

14.

Beveridge T, Murray R . Uptake and retention of metals by cell walls of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 1976; 127(3):1502-18. PMC: 232946. DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.3.1502-1518.1976. View

15.

Taylor K, Glaeser R . Electron microscopy of frozen hydrated biological specimens. J Ultrastruct Res. 1976; 55(3):448-56. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(76)80099-8. View

16.

Beveridge T . Mechanism of gram variability in select bacteria. J Bacteriol. 1990; 172(3):1609-20. PMC: 208639. DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990. View

17.

Meno Y, Amako K . Morphological evidence for penetration of anti-O antibody through the capsule of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun. 1990; 58(5):1421-8. PMC: 258642. DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.5.1421-1428.1990. View

18.

Leduc M, Frehel C . Characterization of adhesion zones in E. coli cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990; 55(1-2):39-43. DOI: 10.1016/0378-1097(90)90164-l. View

19.

Dubreuil J, Kostrzynska M, Austin J, Trust T . Antigenic differences among Campylobacter fetus S-layer proteins. J Bacteriol. 1990; 172(9):5035-43. PMC: 213160. DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.9.5035-5043.1990. View

20.

Jap B, Downing K, Walian P . Structure of PhoE porin in projection at 3.5 A resolution. J Struct Biol. 1990; 103(1):57-63. DOI: 10.1016/1047-8477(90)90086-r. View