A Standardized Surgical Technique for Mastoscopic Axillary Lymph Node Dissection

To standardize the surgical technique for mastoscopic axillary lymph node dissection (MALND). Mastoscopic lymph node dissection was performed consistently by a group of surgeons in 316 cases of breast cancer. The mean operation time was 46.7 minutes with minimal bleeding, and the median number of lymph nodes dissected at each operation was 17.0. There were no operative complications in any case, nor did trocar implantation or tumor diffusion occurring during the mean follow-up time of 15.1 months. MALND is distinctive and practicable in operative anatomy as well as safe and convenient. The location of critical anatomy such as the intercostobrachial nerve, lateral thoracic artery, medial thoracic nerve, and thoracoepigastric vein should be clearly identified to avoid damage to them, so that is the great advantage of MALND.