Auxotypes, Serovars, and Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in Kigali, Rwanda (1985-93)

Overview

Journal Sex Transm Infect

Specialty Infectious Diseases

Date 1998 Dec 16

PMID 9849557

Citations 1

Authors

J Bogaerts

E Van Dyck

B Mukantabana

J P Munyabikali

W Martinez Tello

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and the auxotype/serovar distribution of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Kigali, Rwanda, during 1985-93.

Methods: As part of a monitoring programme the in vitro susceptibility of 1604 isolates of N gonorrhoeae was determined by agar dilution. Auxo- and serotyping was performed on 1350 and 1313 isolates respectively.

Results: The prevalence of penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae (PPNG) remained stable at a rate of 39% during 1985-91 and increased to 61% in 1992-3. Chromosomal resistance to penicillin was common among non-PPNG and resistance to thiamphenicol and tetracycline was common among both PPNG and non-PPNG. High level, plasmid mediated resistance to tetracycline (TRNG) was observed for the first time at the end of 1989 and increased from 2% of the isolates in 1990 to 50% by 1993. A trend for increasing resistance to norfloxacin and ofloxacin was observed during 1985-90 but disappeared in 1991-93. Five isolates with high level resistance to norfloxacin (MIC 2 mg/l) were observed in 1990. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) emerged at the end of 1990 and was observed among 10% of the isolates during 1991-3. All strains remained susceptible to ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, and ceftriaxone. Overall, 75% of the isolates were prototrophic or required proline for their growth and 62% belonged to serovars IA-6 and IB-1. The prevalence of serovar IB-4 increased strongly during the last 3 years of the study.

Conclusion: Resistance to penicillin, thiamphenicol, and tetracycline was common in N gonorrhoeae during 1985-1993. The rapid spread of TRNG after 1989 and the steep increase of PPNG during 1992-3 were the most striking facts of the study period. The auxotype and serovar distribution was comparable with findings from other African countries.

Citing Articles

Five-Year Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends Among Bacterial Isolates from a Tertiary Health-Care Facility in Kigali, Rwanda.

Carroll M, Rangaiahagari A, Musabeyezu E, Singer D, Ogbuagu O Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016; 95(6):1277-1283.

PMID: 27799637 PMC: 5154439. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0392.

References

Meheus A, De Clercq A, Prat R . Prevalence of gonorrhoea in prostitutes in a Central African town. Br J Vener Dis. 1974; 50(1):50-2. PMC: 1044975. DOI: 10.1136/sti.50.1.50. View

Ross J . Uses and limitations of gonococcal serotyping. Int J STD AIDS. 1996; 7(1):14-8. DOI: 10.1258/0956462961917140. View

HENDRY A, STEWART I . Auxanographic grouping and typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Can J Microbiol. 1979; 25(4):512-21. DOI: 10.1139/m79-075. View

Perine P, Totten P, Knapp J, Holmes K, Bentsi C, Klufio C . Diversity of gonococcal plasmids, auxotypes, and serogroups in Ghana. Lancet. 1983; 1(8332):1051-2. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92681-8. View

Knapp J, Tam M, Nowinski R, Holmes K, Sandstrom E . Serological classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with use of monoclonal antibodies to gonococcal outer membrane protein I. J Infect Dis. 1984; 150(1):44-8. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/150.1.44. View

Bogaerts J, Vandepitte J, Van Dyck E, Vanhoof R, Dekegel M, Piot P . In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Rwanda. Genitourin Med. 1986; 62(4):217-20. PMC: 1011952. DOI: 10.1136/sti.62.4.217. View

Peeters M, Frost E, Ossari S, Ivanoff B . Antibiotic susceptibility in relation to serogroup and auxotype of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from Gabon. Sex Transm Dis. 1987; 14(3):130-4. DOI: 10.1097/00007435-198707000-00002. View

Johnson A, Abeck D, Wall R, Mabey D, Taylor-Robinson D . Plasmid content, auxotype and protein-I serovar of gonococci isolated in the Gambia. Epidemiol Infect. 1987; 99(3):669-74. PMC: 2249238. DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800066528. View

Kestelyn P, Bogaerts J, Meheus A . Gonorrheal keratoconjunctivitis in African adults. Sex Transm Dis. 1987; 14(4):191-4. DOI: 10.1097/00007435-198710000-00002. View

10.

Falk E, Bygdeman S, Birkeland N, Bjorvatn B, Kallings I, Sandstrom E . Genotypes and phenotypes of beta lactamase producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from African countries. Genitourin Med. 1988; 64(4):226-32. PMC: 1194221. DOI: 10.1136/sti.64.4.226. View

11.

Mason P, Gwanzura L . Characterisation by plasmid profiles, serogroups, and auxotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Harare, Zimbabwe. Genitourin Med. 1988; 64(5):303-7. PMC: 1194248. DOI: 10.1136/sti.64.5.303. View

12.

Lepage P, Kestelyn P, Bogaerts J . Treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis with a single intramuscular injection of cefotaxime. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990; 26 Suppl A:23-7. DOI: 10.1093/jac/26.suppl_a.23. View

13.

Lind I, Arborio M, Bentzon M, Buisson Y, Guibourdenche M, Reimann K . The epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Dakar, Sénégal 1982-1986: antimicrobial resistance, auxotypes and plasmid profiles. Genitourin Med. 1991; 67(2):107-13. PMC: 1194642. DOI: 10.1136/sti.67.2.107. View

14.

Van Dyck E, Rossau R, Duhamel M, Behets F, Laga M, Nzila M . Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Zaire: high level plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in central Africa. Genitourin Med. 1992; 68(2):111-6. PMC: 1194822. DOI: 10.1136/sti.68.2.111. View

15.

Bogaerts J, Lepage P, De Clercq A, Mukeshimana M, Serufilira S, Piot P . Shigella and gonococcal vulvovaginitis in prepubertal central African girls. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992; 11(10):890-2. DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199210000-00018. View

16.

Bogaerts J, Tello W, Akingeneye J, Mukantabana V, Van Dyck E, Piot P . Effectiveness of norfloxacin and ofloxacin for treatment of gonorrhoea and decrease of in vitro susceptibility to quinolones over time in Rwanda. Genitourin Med. 1993; 69(3):196-200. PMC: 1195062. DOI: 10.1136/sti.69.3.196. View

17.

West B, Changalucha J, Grosskurth H, Mayaud P, Gabone R, Mabey D . Antimicrobial susceptibility, auxotype and plasmid content of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in northern Tanzania: emergence of high level plasmid mediated tetracycline resistance. Genitourin Med. 1995; 71(1):9-12. PMC: 1195361. DOI: 10.1136/sti.71.1.9. View

18.

Van Dyck E, Laga M, Manoka A, Behets F, Piot P . Epidemic spread of plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Zaire. Int J STD AIDS. 1995; 6(5):345-7. DOI: 10.1177/095646249500600507. View

19.

Piot P, Van Dyck E, Colaert J, Ursi J, Bosmans E, Meheus A . Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains from Europe and Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979; 15(4):535-9. PMC: 352706. DOI: 10.1128/AAC.15.4.535. View