Hypertension Induced Chronic Renal Failure: Clinical Features, Management and Prognosis

All consecutive cases of chronic renal failure (CRF) seen over a twelve-month period (January-December 1992) were evaluated. Those that fulfilled strict diagnostic criteria for hypertension induced CRF (HICRF) were further studied to determine peculiarities of its clinico-pathological features that may render this possibly preventable condition readily identifiable. Twenty one (23.1%) of the 91 cases of CRF satisfied these criteria. There was a male preponderance (M.F.4.3:1). Nocturia was a prominent symptom predating other symptoms of CRF in all. Throbbing frontal headache necessitating significant consumption of analgesic was found in 13(61.9%). Hypertension had been diagnosed in the patients for periods ranging from 2-15 years and compliance to therapy was adjudged poor. Ten smoked cigarette in significant quantities. Hypertension occurred in 8 of the families of the patients. Hypertension was severe in all, with evidence of accelerated phase in 19(90.5%). A majority (71.4%) presented with severe uraemia (serum creatinine > or = 100 umol/l). Target organ damage, evident in cardiomegaly with heart failure occurred in 15, while ultrasonographic features of bilateral shrunken kidneys was seen in all. Blood pressure control was largely inadequate with a combination of 3 drugs. Mortality rate was 51% in the first year. Renal histopathological findings of glomerular sclerosis, malignant arteriolar changes with absence of glomerular cellular proliferation were observed in renal biopsies and 6 autopsy tissues. It is concluded that HICRF is a major cause of mortality; renal failure is often advanced at presentation, and blood pressure is usually in the accelerated phase. Significant cigarette smoking, severe headache necessitating consumption of significant quantity of analgesics, and a family history of hypertension are striking features.