Role of L-arginine, a Substrate for Nitric Oxide-synthase, in Gastroprotection and Ulcer Healing

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized from L-arginine interacts with prostaglandins (PG) and sensory neuropeptides in the regulation of mucosal integrity, but the role of L-arginine, a substrate for NO-synthase, in gastroprotection and healing of chronic gastric ulcers has been little studied. In this study we compared the effects of intragastric (i.g.) and systemic (i.v.) administration of L-arginine or D-arginine on gastric secretion and acute gastric lesions provoked in rats by i.g. application of 100% ethanol, acidified aspirin (ASA), or the exposure to 3.5h of water immersion and restraint stress (WRS). In addition, the effects of L-arginine on ulcer healing and the formation of new vessels (angiogenesis) were determined, using monoclonal antibody (MAb E-9). L-arginine (10-200 mg/kg i.g.) failed to significantly affect gastric secretion but dose-dependently reduced the gastric lesions induced by 100% ethanol. ASA, and WRS, the doses inhibiting 50% of these lesions being 65, 94, and 72 mg/kg, respectively. This protection was accompanied by a significant rise in the gastric blood flow (GBF), whereas L-arginine given i.v. failed to affect the ethanol-lesions and the GBF. D-arginine or the NO-related amino acids--L-glutamine, L-citrulline, or L-ornithine--failed to significantly influence these lesions. Suppression of the generation of mucosal PG by indomethacin or capsaicin-denervation attenuated the protection and hyperemia induced by L-arginine. The inhibition of constitutive NO synthase by L-NNA had no significant effect on the protection afforded by L-arginine, but reduced the gastric hyperemia accompanying this protection. L-arginine (150 mg/kg per day, i.g.) accelerated the ulcer healing and increased GBF at the ulcer margin, and angiogenesis, whereas treatment with L-NNA had an opposite effect. L-arginine added to NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) restored the ulcer healing, hyperemia, and angiogenesis. We conclude that: (1) the protective activity of L-arginine involves gastric hyperemia mediated by NO and a mild irritant effect due to enhanced generation of endogenous PG, and (2) the ulcer healing properties of L-arginine depend upon its hyperemic and angiogenic actions, possibly involving NO.