Distribution of Peripheral Blood Lymphoid Subsets in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: Influence of Ethanol Intake

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption on the immune system in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC), as analyzed by the distribution of peripheral blood (PB-) T, B, and NK lymphoid subsets using multiple stainings with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. For that purpose, we have analyzed a group of patients with ALC and active EtOH intake (ALCET group) which were re-evaluated 3 months after alcohol withdrawal. As controls, both ALC patients with at least 1 year of alcohol withdrawal (ALCAW group) and healthy subjects were used. Regarding the alcohol intake period, the most relevant findings were a significant activation of the PB T-cell compartment, and specifically of the TCR alpha beta + subset, as reflected by an increased expression of both the HLA DR and CD11c antigens as well as a significant increase of both the PB NK cells (CD3-/CD56+) and the cytotoxic T cells coexpressing the CD3 and CD56 molecules. In addition, a decrease of both the numbers of total B cells and their CD5+/CD19+ subset were observed. After a relatively short withdrawal period (3 months), the abnormalities of T, P, and NK cells disappeared. These findings suggest the existence of a close relationship between EtOH consumption and the abnormalities of the immune system observed during active alcoholism. Nevertheless, ALCAW individuals displayed marked alterations on the immunophenotypic profile, as reflected by a significantly decreased number of total T cells, due to reduced levels of the CD3+/TCR alpha beta+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD45RA+ T-cell subsets. In addition, a significantly decreased number of total PB B cells was observed in this group of patients. Our results show that in patients suffering from ALC, the abnormalities of the immune system due to a direct effect of EtOH intake (or its metabolites) should be distinguished from the immunological alterations related to the liver disease itself.