Phagocytes Render Chemicals Immunogenic: Oxidation of Gold(I) to the T Cell-sensitizing Gold(III) Metabolite Generated by Mononuclear Phagocytes

The oxidizing capacity of phagocytic cells is suspected to play a major role in the generation of immunogenic drug metabolites, in particular those that cause extrahepatic immunopathological lesions. In the case of the antirheumatic drug gold(I) disodium thiomalate (Na2Au(I)TM), oxidation of the Au(I) ion to Au(III) appears to be responsible for the adverse immune reactions which may develop during gold therapy. Here, we show that the reactive metabolite Au(III) may be generated by mononuclear phagocytes (M phi) exposed to Au(I). The generation of Au(III) was analyzed by means of the adoptive transfer popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) in mice, using T lymphocytes previously sensitized to Au(III) as a detection probe. Donors of the Au(III)-primed T cells were either directly sensitized to Au(III) by injection of tetrachloroauric acid (HAu(III)Cl4), or indirectly via chronic treatment with Na2Au(I)TM. As donors of peritoneal cells (PC), we used mice which had received weekly i.m. injections of Na2Au(I)TM for 12 weeks and contained increased numbers of activated B cells. The PC of these mice were found to elicit a significant secondary response when used as antigenic material for the restimulation of Au(III)-primed T cells. The immunogenicity of PC obtained from Na2Au(I)TM-treated mice paralleled the total gold content of these cells. Noteworthily, M phi exposed to Au(I) in vitro also proved capable of eliciting a specific secondary response of Au(III)-primed T cells. Hence, M phi exposed to Au(I) generate the reactive intermediate Au(III) which, apparently via oxidation of self proteins, sensitizes T cells. As M phi are constituents of many different organs and, moreover, communicate with T cells, their capacity to generate Au(III) may account for the various extrahepatic adverse immune reactions induced by Au(I) drugs.