Surfactant Therapy in Full-term Neonates with Severe Respiratory Failure

Objective: In light of the paucity of published data on the use of surfactant in full-term infants with respiratory failure due to meconium aspiration syndrome and respiratory distress syndrome, we report our experience with this therapy. Our goal was to explore possible justification for randomized controlled trials of surfactant treatment in similar patients at an earlier, less severe stage of the disease.

Methods: Retrospective consecutive case series of 20 infants with severe meconium aspiration syndrome and 29 infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome who received bovine surfactant between March 1990 and December 1992 in three neonatal intensive care units in a regionalized setting. Outcome of treatment was assessed by comparing changes in several respiratory indices including the oxygenation index, between 4 and 6 hours and 1 and 3 hours before and after the first dose of surfactant. Differences were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures, with treatment and time as co-variates.

Results: In the meconium aspiration group the mean oxygenation index decreased from 36 +/- 12 at 1 to 3 hours presurfactant to 24 +/- 14 at 1 to 3 hours postsurfactant (P < .001). In the patients with respiratory distress syndrome the mean oxygenation index fell from 30 +/- 17 at 1 to 3 hours presurfactant to 12 +/- 6 at 1 to 3 hours postsurfactant (P = .0001). Three of 20 patients with meconium aspiration syndrome and 3 of 29 patients with respiratory distress syndrome received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Conclusions: Surfactant therapy in full-term infants with respiratory failure due to the meconium aspiration and respiratory distress syndromes is often effective in improving gas exchange. A randomized controlled trial of surfactant therapy at an earlier stage in the course of the illness should be performed.