The Gene for the Human Architectural Transcription Factor HMGI-C Consists of Five Exons Each Coding for a Distinct Functional Element

Overview

Journal Nucleic Acids Res

Publisher Oxford University Press

Specialty Biochemistry

Date 1995 Nov 11

PMID 7501444

Citations 23

Authors

K Y Chau

U A Patel

K L Lee

H Y Lam

C Crane-Robinson

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The gene on chromosome 12 coding for the human protein HMGI-C has been cloned and partially sequenced. It consists of five exons, the first and last of which include long untranslated regions. The 5' UTR includes a (CA/T)n tract and a polymorphic (CT)n tract. Exons II, III and IV (87, 51 and 33 bp) are dispersed over > 30 kb. Exons I-III separately encode the three basic DNA binding domains ('A-T hooks'), exon IV encodes an 11 amino acid sequence characteristic of HMGI-C and absent from the human HMGI(Y) gene [Friedmann, M., Holth, L. T., Zoghbi, H. Y. and Reeves, R. (1993) Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 4259-4267], whilst exon V encodes the acidic C-terminal domain, which is subject to multiple phosphorylation. The HMGI-C gene is thus a striking example of the separation of functional protein elements into different coding exons.

Citing Articles

Decoding high mobility group A2 protein expression regulation and implications in human cancers.

Khazem F, Zetoune A Discov Oncol. 2024; 15(1):322.

PMID: 39085703 PMC: 11291832. DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01202-x.

Editorial: Colyn Crane-Robinson (1935-2023).

Bannister A, Schneider R, Varga-Weisz P Nucleic Acids Res. 2023; 51(15):7709-7713.

PMID: 37493596 PMC: 10450191. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad625.

Aberrant HMGA2 Expression Sustains Genome Instability That Promotes Metastasis and Therapeutic Resistance in Colorectal Cancer.

Campos Gudino R, McManus K, Hombach-Klonisch S Cancers (Basel). 2023; 15(6).

PMID: 36980621 PMC: 10046046. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061735.

Neoplasia-associated Chromosome Translocations Resulting in Gene Truncation.

Panagopoulos I, Heim S Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2022; 19(6):647-672.

PMID: 36316036 PMC: 9620447. DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20349.

Let‑7b‑5p promotes cell apoptosis in Parkinson's disease by targeting HMGA2.

Huang Y, Liu Y, Huang J, Gao L, Wu Z, Wang L Mol Med Rep. 2021; 24(5).

PMID: 34558637 PMC: 8485123. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12461.

References

Lewis H, Kaszubska W, DeLamarter J, Whelan J . Cooperativity between two NF-kappa B complexes, mediated by high-mobility-group protein I(Y), is essential for cytokine-induced expression of the E-selectin promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 1994; 14(9):5701-9. PMC: 359095. DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.9.5701-5709.1994. View

Breathnach R, Chambon P . Organization and expression of eucaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981; 50:349-83. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002025. View

Berlingieri M, Manfioletti G, Santoro M, Bandiera A, Visconti R, Giancotti V . Inhibition of HMGI-C protein synthesis suppresses retrovirally induced neoplastic transformation of rat thyroid cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1995; 15(3):1545-53. PMC: 230378. DOI: 10.1128/MCB.15.3.1545. View

McLauchlan J, Gaffney D, Whitton J, Clements J . The consensus sequence YGTGTTYY located downstream from the AATAAA signal is required for efficient formation of mRNA 3' termini. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985; 13(4):1347-68. PMC: 341077. DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.4.1347. View

Giancotti V, Berlingieri M, DiFiore P, Fusco A, Vecchio G, Crane-Robinson C . Changes in nuclear proteins on transformation of rat epithelial thyroid cells by a murine sarcoma retrovirus. Cancer Res. 1985; 45(12 Pt 1):6051-7. View

Bird A . CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature. 1986; 321(6067):209-13. DOI: 10.1038/321209a0. View

Giancotti V, Pani B, DAndrea P, Berlingieri M, Di Fiore P, Fusco A . Elevated levels of a specific class of nuclear phosphoproteins in cells transformed with v-ras and v-mos oncogenes and by cotransfection with c-myc and polyoma middle T genes. EMBO J. 1987; 6(7):1981-7. PMC: 553586. DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02461.x. View

Johnson K, Lehn D, Elton T, Barr P, Reeves R . Complete murine cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and tissue expression of the high mobility group protein HMG-I(Y). J Biol Chem. 1988; 263(34):18338-42. View

Johnson K, Lehn D, Reeves R . Alternative processing of mRNAs encoding mammalian chromosomal high-mobility-group proteins HMG-I and HMG-Y. Mol Cell Biol. 1989; 9(5):2114-23. PMC: 363005. DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.5.2114-2123.1989. View

10.

Eckner R, Birnstiel M . Cloning of cDNAs coding for human HMG I and HMG Y proteins: both are capable of binding to the octamer sequence motif. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989; 17(15):5947-59. PMC: 318252. DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.15.5947. View

11.

Giancotti V, Buratti E, Perissin L, Zorzet S, Balmain A, Portella G . Analysis of the HMGI nuclear proteins in mouse neoplastic cells induced by different procedures. Exp Cell Res. 1989; 184(2):538-45. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(89)90352-2. View

12.

Xiang X, Benson K, Chada K . Mini-mouse: disruption of the pygmy locus in a transgenic insertional mutant. Science. 1990; 247(4945):967-9. DOI: 10.1126/science.2305264. View

13.

Reeves R, Nissen M . The A.T-DNA-binding domain of mammalian high mobility group I chromosomal proteins. A novel peptide motif for recognizing DNA structure. J Biol Chem. 1990; 265(15):8573-82. View

14.

Sreekantaiah C, Leong S, Karakousis C, McGee D, Rappaport W, Villar H . Cytogenetic profile of 109 lipomas. Cancer Res. 1991; 51(1):422-33. View

15.

Manfioletti G, Giancotti V, Bandiera A, Buratti E, Sautiere P, Cary P . cDNA cloning of the HMGI-C phosphoprotein, a nuclear protein associated with neoplastic and undifferentiated phenotypes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991; 19(24):6793-7. PMC: 329311. DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.24.6793. View

16.

Lanahan A, Williams J, Sanders L, Nathans D . Growth factor-induced delayed early response genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1992; 12(9):3919-29. PMC: 360271. DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.9.3919-3929.1992. View

17.

Tkachuk D, Kohler S, Cleary M . Involvement of a homolog of Drosophila trithorax by 11q23 chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. Cell. 1992; 71(4):691-700. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90602-9. View

18.

Thanos D, Maniatis T . The high mobility group protein HMG I(Y) is required for NF-kappa B-dependent virus induction of the human IFN-beta gene. Cell. 1992; 71(5):777-89. DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90554-p. View

19.

Ferranti P, Malorni A, Marino G, Pucci P, Goodwin G, Manfioletti G . Mass spectrometric analysis of the HMGY protein from Lewis lung carcinoma. Identification of phosphorylation sites. J Biol Chem. 1992; 267(31):22486-9. View

20.

Giancotti V, Bandiera A, Ciani L, Santoro D, Crane-Robinson C, Goodwin G . High-mobility-group (HMG) proteins and histone H1 subtypes expression in normal and tumor tissues of mouse. Eur J Biochem. 1993; 213(2):825-32. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17825.x. View