Development of the Brain Stem in the Rat. I. Thymidine-radiographic Study of the Time of Origin of Neurons of the Lower Medulla

Groups of pregnant rats were injected with two successive daily doses of 3H-thymidine from gestational days 12 and 13 (E12 + 13) until the day before birth (E21 + 22). In adult progeny of the injected rats the proportion of neurons generated on specific days was determined quantitatively in the major nuclei of the lower medulla. The earliest generated cells form two motor nuclei: the hypoglossal and dorsal vagal nuclei. The bulk of hypoglossal neurons are produced on day E12, with a small proportion earlier; the bulk of dorsal vagal neurons are produced, likewise, on day E12, with a small proportion on day E13. The neurons of the third motor nucleus of the region, the ambiguous, are generated later, with a peak on day E15. Neurons of the sensory relay nuclei, the gracilis, cuneatus, and solitarius are produced over a more extended period, with peaks on day E13; the exception was the external cuneate nucleus in which peak generation time was on day E15. In the caudal nucleus of the trigeminal complex, neurons of the subnucleus magnocellularis arise earliest, with a peak on day E14, and those of the subnucleus marginalis last, with a peak on day E15, and extending into day E16. The neurons of the nuclei raphe pallidus and obscurus, and of the dorsal and ventral portions of the caudal medullary reticular formation, are produced between days E12 and E15, without any obvious peaks. The neurons of the nucleus parasolitarius and the nucleus of Roller are produced relatively late, and the area postrema contains a germinal cell population throughout the embryonic period, presumably supplying cells to the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. On the basis of absolute datings, duration of neuron production, intranuclear and internuclear gradients, and other criteria, it is postulated that the neurons of the lower medulla are derived from at least eight different cytogenetic zones.