Diurnal Variations in Bacterial Numbers and Fluid Parameters in Ruminal Contents of Animals Fed Low- or High-forage Diets

Differential carbohydrate media and anaerobic replica plating techniques were used to assess the degrees of diurnal variations in the direct and viable cell counts as well as the carbohydrate-specific subgroups within the mixed rumen bacterial populations in cattle fed maintenance (metabolizable energy) levels of either a high-forage or a high-concentrate diet once daily. The rumen was sampled at 1 h before feeding and 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 h after feeding, and selected microbiological parameters of the isolated bacterial populations were assessed. Corresponding samples of ruminal fluid were assayed for fermentation acids, carbohydrate, ammonia, and pH changes. The data showed that regardless of diet, total bacterial numbers remained fairly constant throughout the day. The number of viable bacteria declined 40 to 60% after feeding and then increased to a maximum at 16 h postfeeding. Changes occurred in the carbohydrate-specific subgroups within the bacterial populations, and some of the changes were consistent with a predicted scheme of ruminal feedstuff carbohydrate fermentation. Regardless of diet, however, soluble-carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria predominated at all times. Xylan-xylose and pectin subgroups respectively comprised about one-half and one-third of the population when the high-forage diet was given. These subgroups, along with the cellulolytics, constituted lesser proportions of the population when the high-concentrate diet was given. The cellulolytic subgroup was the least numerous of all subgroups regardless of diet but followed a diurnal pattern similar to that predicted for cellulose fermentation. There were few diurnal variations or differences in bacterial cell compositions and ruminal fluid parameters between diets. The observed similarities and dissimilarities of the rumen bacterial populations obtained when the two diets were given are discussed. The data are consistent with the versatility and constancy of the rumen as a stable, mature microbial system under the specific low-level feeding regimens used.