The Release of Catecholamines by Shocks and Stimuli Paired with Shocks
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Social Sciences
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One monkey and five baboons were surgically prepared so that heart rate and blood pressure could be monitored continuously, and an extra-corporeal blood path was established to detect the secretion of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). A respondent conditioning procedure was used in which a tone was paired with electric shocks. Epinephrine, but not norepinephrine was released by shocks, and a corresponding release was demonstrated by the tone alone. Heart rate and blood pressure changes were also elicited by shocks and by the tone.
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PMID: 5491006 PMC: 1333722. DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1970.14-213.
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PMID: 5019507 DOI: 10.1007/BF03000478.