Australia Antigen: Detection and Transmission in Shellfish
Affiliations
Australia antigen was found in clams contaminated by drainage of untreated sewage from a coastal hospital. In closed-system aquariums, the antigen was ingested by clams and transmitted to previously uninfected clams. In opensystem aquariums, the titer of Australia antigen decreased with time, suggesting viral concentration rather than replication.
Public health considerations associated with molluscan aquaculture systems: Human viruses.
Vaughn J, Landry E Aquaculture. 2020; 39(1):299-315.
PMID: 32287455 PMC: 7130952. DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(84)90273-4.
Current concepts of viral hepatitis and a peek into the future.
Koff R Yale J Biol Med. 1974; 47(4):252-9.
PMID: 4376306 PMC: 2595111.
Failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in certified shellfish from New England.
Koff R, Connelly L Am J Public Health. 1976; 66(2):174-5.
PMID: 1251953 PMC: 1653244. DOI: 10.2105/ajph.66.2.174.
Gitnick G West J Med. 1978; 128(2):117-26.
PMID: 629050 PMC: 1238013.
Stability of human enteroviruses in estuarine and marine waters.
Lo S, Gilbert J, Hetrick F Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976; 32(2):245-9.
PMID: 184736 PMC: 170043. DOI: 10.1128/aem.32.2.245-249.1976.