Single Cell Analysis Reveals That SPP1 Macrophages Enhance Tumor Progression by Triggering Fibroblast Extracellular Vesicles

Patients with liver metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) have a poor prognosis and are the leading cause of death in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but the mechanisms associated with CRC metastasis have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we obtained data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and characterized the single-cell profiles of CRC, mCRC and healthy samples at single-cell resolution, and explored the cells that influence CRC metastasis. We find that AQP1 CRC identified as highly malignant tumor cells exhibited proliferative and metastatic characteristics. Immunosuppressive properties are present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), while NOTCH3 Fib is identified to play a facilitating role in the metastatic colonization of CRC. Importantly, we reveal that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) characterized by SPP1-specific high expression may be involved in TME remodeling through intercellular communication. Specifically, SPP1 TAM mediates the generation of Fib-derived extracellular vesicle through the APOE-LRP1 axis, which in turn delivers tumor growth-promoting factors in the TME. This study deepens the understanding of the mechanism of TME in mCRC and lays the scientific foundation for the development of therapeutic regimens for mCRC patients.