MRNA Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation

mRNA-based therapies have emerged as a cutting-edge approach for diverse therapeutic applications. However, substantial barriers exist that hinder scientists from entering this research field, including the technical complexity and multiple potential workflows available for formulating and evaluating mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Here we present an easy-to-follow and step-by-step guide for mRNA LNP formulation, characterization and in vitro and in vivo evaluation that could lower these barriers, facilitating entry for scientists in academia, industry and clinical settings into this research space. In this protocol, we detail steps for formulating representative mRNA LNPs (0.5 d) and characterizing key parameters (1-6 d) such as size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, mRNA concentration, mRNA encapsulation efficiency and stability. Then, we describe in vitro evaluations (3-6 d), such as protein expression, cell uptake and mechanism investigations (3-5 d), including endosomal escape, as well as in vivo delivery evaluation (2-3 d) encompassing intracellular and secreted protein expression levels, biodistribution and additional tolerability studies (1-2 weeks). Unlike some alternative protocols that may focus on discrete aspects of the workflow-such as formulation, characterization or evaluation-our protocol instead aims to integrate each of these aspects into a simplified, singular workflow applicable across multiple types of mRNA LNP formulations. In describing these procedures, we wish to disseminate one potential workflow for mRNA LNP production and evaluation, with the ultimate goal of furthering innovation, collaboration and the translational advancement of mRNA LNPs.