Placental and Umbilical Cord Anomalies Detected by Ultrasound As Clinical Risk Factors of Adverse Perinatal Outcome: Case Series Review of Selected Conditions. Part 2: Umbilical Cord Abnormalities

The aim of this second extended review is to describe the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying umbilical cord (UC) anomalies and their relationship with adverse perinatal outcomes. Review of the literature with case presentations to illustrate the relationship between UC pathologies and adverse perinatal outcomes are also reported. Prenatal ultrasound findings and perinatal care in these cases are presented. Our review confirms the ethiopathogenetic role and involvement of UC pathology in a wide variety of obstetric diseases that may jeopardize fetal well-being. Some of these specific pathologies are strongly associated with a high risk of poor perinatal outcomes.