Long-Term Exposure to Lambda-Cyhalothrin Reveals Novel Genes Potentially Involved in Insecticide Resistance

Insecticide resistance in populations hinders vector control programs. Many studies have focused on the classical mechanisms, mutations, and metabolic enzymes to understand the development of insecticide resistance. In this study, we subjected a strain of to selective pressure for 13 consecutive generations to understand the development and extent of insecticide resistance. We delved into the transcriptomics of this pressured strain to gain insights into the molecular changes underlying insecticide resistance in . Our data suggest mosquito resistance is influenced by additional mechanisms that are difficult to explain using only classical mechanisms. The response by mosquitoes varies depending on the exposure time. Initially, when mosquitoes are in contact with insecticides, they modulate the expression of metabolic enzymes and gain some point mutations in the sodium channel genes. After long-term exposure, the mosquitoes respond to insecticides by expressing different proteins involved in the cuticle, energetic metabolism, and synthesis of proteases. We propose a model that includes these novel mechanisms found after prolonged insecticide exposure, which work in conjunction with established mechanisms ( and metabolic resistance) but have a different timeline in terms of expression and appearance.