Construction of a Biomimetic Tubular Scaffold Inspired by Sea Sponge Structure: Sponge-Like Framework and Cell Guidance

Engineering hollow fibers with precise surface microstructures is challenging; yet, essential for guiding cells alignment and ensuring proper vascular tissue function. Inspired by Euplectella sponges, a novel strategy to engineer biomimetic hollow fibers with spiral surface microstructures is developed. Using oxidized bacterial cellulose, bacterial cellulose, and polydopamine, a "brick-and-mortar" scaffold is created through precise shear control during microfluidic coaxial spinning. The scaffold mimics natural extracellular matrices, providing mechanical stability and supporting cell growth. In vitro studies show successful co-culture of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), with SMCs aligning along spiral surface microstructures and ECs forming a confluent inner layer. In vivo implantation confirms biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. This Euplectella-inspired scaffold presents a promising approach for vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.