Effects of Dinoflagellate Toxins Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxin-1 and -2 on the Microcrustacean

Overview

Journal Toxins (Basel)

Publisher MDPI

Specialty Toxicology

Date 2025 Feb 25

PMID 39998097

Authors

Federica Cavion

Silvio Sosa

Jane Kilcoyne

Alessandra DArelli

Cristina Ponti

Michela Carlin

Aurelia Tubaro

Marco Pelin

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms are an expanding phenomenon negatively impacting human health, socio-economic welfare, and ecosystems. Such events increase the risk of marine organisms' exposure to algal toxins with consequent ecological effects. In this frame, the objective of this study was to investigate the ecotoxicological potential of three globally distributed dinoflagellate toxins (okadaic acid, OA; dinophysistoxin-1, DTX-1; dinophysistoxin-2, DTX-2) using as a model organism of marine zooplankton. Each toxin (0.1-100 nM) was evaluated for its toxic effects in terms of cyst hatching, mortality of nauplii Instar I and adults, and biochemical responses related to oxidative stress. At the highest concentration (100 nM), these toxins significantly increased adults' mortality starting from 24 h (DTX-1), 48 h (OA), or 72 h (DTX-2) exposures, DTX-1 being the most potent one, followed by OA and DTX-2. The quantitation of oxidative stress biomarkers in adults, i.e., reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activity of three endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) showed that only DTX-2 significantly increased ROS production, whereas each toxin affected the antioxidant enzymes with a different activity profile. In general, the results indicate a negative impact of these toxins towards with potential consequences on the marine ecosystem.

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