Artificial Intelligence Applications in Ophthalmology

Ophthalmology is well suited for the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) owing to its reliance on various imaging modalities, such as anterior segment photography, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), which generate large volumes of high-resolution digital images. These images provide rich datasets for training AI algorithms, which enables precise diagnosis and monitoring of various ocular conditions. Retinal disease management heavily relies on image recognition. Limited access to ophthalmologists in underdeveloped areas and high image volumes in developed countries make AI a promising, cost-effective solution for screening and diagnosis. In corneal diseases, differential diagnosis is critical yet challenging because of the wide range of potential etiologies. AI and diagnostic technologies offer promise for improving the accuracy and speed of these diagnoses, including the differentiation between infectious and noninfectious conditions. Smartphone imaging coupled with AI technology can advance the diagnosis of anterior segment diseases, democratizing access to eye care and providing rapid and reliable diagnostic results. Other potential areas for AI applications include cataract and vitreous surgeries as well as the use of generative AI in training ophthalmologists. While AI offers substantial benefits, challenges remain, including the need for high-quality images, accurate manual annotations, patient heterogeneity considerations, and the "black-box phenomenon". Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of AI and ensuring its successful integration into clinical practice. AI is poised to transform ophthalmology by increasing diagnostic accuracy, optimizing treatment strategies, and improving patient care, particularly in high-risk or underserved populations.