Advances in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Marginal Zone Lymphoma

The management of marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, requires a personalized and adaptive approach due to its clinical and prognostic heterogeneity. We believe treatment should emphasize a balanced strategy considering the subtype, disease burden, symptoms, and actionable genetic or environmental factors, such as infections or autoimmune diseases. For asymptomatic patients with low tumor burden or disseminated disease, a watch-and-wait approach remains appropriate, given MZL's indolent nature and the risks of overtreatment. Conversely, for symptomatic or high-burden cases, early intervention with chemoimmunotherapy is recommended for effective disease control. Surgery remains essential for both diagnosis and the treatment of localized disease. Incorporating molecular profiling and prognostic models, such as MZL-IPI and POD24, is crucial for decision-making and risk stratification. Testing for infectious agents like Helicobacter pylori or Hepatitis C virus should be standard practice, as eradication therapy offers a targeted, less toxic, and effective option in select patients. With ongoing advancements in understanding dysregulated signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment, we anticipate novel targeted therapies and combination regimens will further improve outcomes. We advocate for molecular testing at diagnosis to identify actionable biomarkers, particularly for patients with refractory or relapsed disease. Finally, MZL management requires vigilant follow-up with adjustments based on evolving disease features. Treatment decisions should integrate patient preferences, clinical context, and the latest evidence to maximize survival while preserving quality of life.