Applications of Modified Lignocellulose and Its Composites Prepared by Different Pretreatments in Biomedicine: A Review

Lignocellulosic biomass represents one of the most abundant renewable biological resources on earth. Despite its current underutilization as a source of high-value chemicals, it has promising applications in biomedical and other fields. Presently, lignocellulose is predominantly transformed into high-value-added products, e.g. cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), etc., through a variety of physical, chemical and biological methods. The mechanical properties and biocompatibility of these products make them important as vital components in drug delivery agents and tissue engineering materials in the biomedical field. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the underexploited lignocellulosic biomass, the main pretreatment methods for converting it into valuable compounds, and the associated limitations. It also highlights the emerging applications of these compounds in the biomedical field, including sensors, wound dressings, excipients, and artificial skin. In addition, current commercialized products and related regulations are discussed, and future research advancements in this field are also envisaged.