Evaluation of the Effects of Obesity on Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Overview

Journal Korean J Orthod

Date 2025 Jan 24

PMID 39849962

Authors

Mustafa Uzun

Mine Gecgelen Cesur

Omer Erdogan

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate bone remodeling in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during canine distalization in obese individuals and compare it to that in normal-weight individuals. Additionally, the orthodontic tooth movement rates of obese individuals were measured and compared with those of normal-weight individuals.

Methods: Thirty-six patients (18 obese and 18 normal-weight) aged 12-18 years who were candidates for maxillary first premolar extraction for Angle Class II malocclusion were included in the study. The two groups were formed according to World Health Organization guidelines. A normal-weight group (body mass index [BMI] 16-85%) and an obese group (BMI ≥ 95%). Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected before, 24 hours after, and on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after the application of the distalization force. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure leptin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in GCF samples. In addition to the recorded GCF sampling times, the amount of canine tooth movement was calculated using digital models obtained on the 28th day and 3rd month.

Results: Leptin, RANKL, OPG, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the obese group ( < 0.05). The digital model measurements displayed high rates of repeatability (ICC 0.990). The difference in the amount of tooth movement between groups was not statistically significant ( > 0.05).

Conclusions: Although obese and normal-weight individuals showed different biomarker levels during tooth movement, there were no significant differences in the amount of movement.

References

Sar S, Shetty D, Kumar P, Juneja S, Sharma P . Leptin levels in gingival crevicular fluid during canine retraction: in vivo comparative study. J Orthod. 2019; 46(1):27-33. DOI: 10.1177/1465312518820533. View

Paul R, Hassan M, Nazar H, Gillani S, Afzal N, Qayyum I . Effect of body mass index on serum leptin levels. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2013; 23(3):40-3. View

Bruun J, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B . Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003; 148(5):535-42. DOI: 10.1530/eje.0.1480535. View

Soares Bonato R, Abel Mapengo M, de Azevedo-Silva L, Janson G, Sales-Peres S . Tooth movement, orofacial pain, and leptin, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in obese adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2021; 92(1):95-100. PMC: 8691476. DOI: 10.2319/011321-44.1. View

Khosla S . Minireview: the OPG/RANKL/RANK system. Endocrinology. 2001; 142(12):5050-5. DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.12.8536. View

Saloom H, Papageorgiou S, Carpenter G, Cobourne M . Impact of Obesity on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Adolescents: A Prospective Clinical Cohort Study. J Dent Res. 2017; 96(5):547-554. DOI: 10.1177/0022034516688448. View

von Bremen J, Lorenz N, Ruf S . Impact of body mass index on oral health during orthodontic treatment: an explorative pilot study. Eur J Orthod. 2015; 38(4):386-92. DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjv074. View

Florez-Moreno G, Isaza-Guzman D, Tobon-Arroyave S . Time-related changes in salivary levels of the osteotropic factors sRANKL and OPG through orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 143(1):92-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.08.026. View

Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman J . Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994; 372(6505):425-32. DOI: 10.1038/372425a0. View

10.

Liou E, Pai B, Lin J . Do miniscrews remain stationary under orthodontic forces?. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004; 126(1):42-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.06.018. View

11.

Gannage-Yared M, Yaghi C, Habre B, Khalife S, Noun R, Germanos-Haddad M . Osteoprotegerin in relation to body weight, lipid parameters insulin sensitivity, adipocytokines, and C-reactive protein in obese and non-obese young individuals: results from both cross-sectional and interventional study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008; 158(3):353-9. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-07-0797. View

12.

Xu F, Du Y, Hang S, Chen A, Guo F, Xu T . Adipocytes regulate the bone marrow microenvironment in a mouse model of obesity. Mol Med Rep. 2013; 8(3):823-8. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1572. View

13.

Kapoor P, Kharbanda O, Monga N, Miglani R, Kapila S . Effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival crevicular fluid: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2014; 15:65. PMC: 4259981. DOI: 10.1186/s40510-014-0065-6. View

14.

Holecki M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Janowska J, Nieszporek T, Wojaczynska-Stanek K, Zak-Golab A . The influence of weight loss on serum osteoprotegerin concentration in obese perimenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15(8):1925-9. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.229. View

15.

Thomas N, Williams D . Inflammatory factors, physical activity, and physical fitness in young people. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008; 18(5):543-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00824.x. View

16.

Kanzaki H, Chiba M, Shimizu Y, Mitani H . Periodontal ligament cells under mechanical stress induce osteoclastogenesis by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand up-regulation via prostaglandin E2 synthesis. J Bone Miner Res. 2002; 17(2):210-20. DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.2.210. View

17.

Boyle W, Simonet W, Lacey D . Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003; 423(6937):337-42. DOI: 10.1038/nature01658. View

18.

Meikle M . The tissue, cellular, and molecular regulation of orthodontic tooth movement: 100 years after Carl Sandstedt. Eur J Orthod. 2006; 28(3):221-40. DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjl001. View

19.

Simonet W, Lacey D, Dunstan C, Kelley M, Chang M, Luthy R . Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell. 1997; 89(2):309-19. DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80209-3. View

20.

Bartzela T, Turp J, Motschall E, Maltha J . Medication effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009; 135(1):16-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.08.016. View