Detection, Characterization, and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Multidrug-resistant Bacteria Isolated from Circulating Currency in the Northeastern Region of Bangladesh

Overview

Journal IJID Reg

Date 2025 Jan 21

PMID 39835186

Authors

Moshiul Alam Mishu

Ashik Imran

Akash Saha

Shahida Ferdousee

Md Rubiath Islam

Mohammad Abdullah-Al-Shoeb

Shahidul Islam

Muhammad Abul Kalam Azad

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Objectives: The study aims to investigate the prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria on paper and coin currency obtained from various occupational groups in Bangladesh and to identify the bacterial species present. The research further seeks to evaluate the antibiotic resistance patterns of the identified bacterial isolates.

Methods: 84 paper currency notes and 56 coins were collected from seven different sources. Bacterial contamination was assessed using standard bacteriological and biochemical tests to identify and characterize the bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains was evaluated using an antibiogram study.

Results: A total of 368 bacterial isolates were detected across the sampled currency, with 99% of the currency samples contaminated by bacteria. Paper currency exhibited a higher prevalence of contamination compared to coins. Gram-staining revealed 20% Gram-positive and 80% Gram-negative bacteria on notes, compared to 38% Gram-positive and 62% Gram-negative bacteria on coins. Bacterial contamination was most frequent in samples from fish sellers, followed by poultry sellers, fruit sellers, and restaurants. The most commonly identified bacteria were , and . Antibiotic resistance testing revealed that all isolates were 100% resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G, while showing 100% sensitivity to azithromycin and gentamycin. Notably, 70.8% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, and 75% showed resistance to cefotaxime.

Conclusions: The widespread contamination of currency in Bangladesh with multidrug-resistant bacteria underscore the growing concern about antibiotic resistance. Preventative measures are essential to reduce cross-contamination between currency and food.

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