Temporal Expression and Specific Localization of Tenomodulin with Reference to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A and Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide in Developing Diaphragm in Mice

Overview

Journal Anat Sci Int

Date 2025 Jan 15

PMID 39813008

Authors

Ryutaro Nakagawa

Iwao Sato

Yoko Ueda

Shinichi Kawata

Yutaro Natsuyama

Tomiko Yakura

Zhong-Lian Li

Hidenobu Miyaso

Masahiro Itoh

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Tenomodulin (TNMD) is related to chondromodulin-1, a cartilage-derived growth regulator. It is specifically expressed in hypovascular connective tissues, including tendons and ligaments. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) correlate with angiogenesis and neurogenesis, respectively, during development. Because of that the morphological profiles of TNMD, VEGF-A, and CGRP distributions in developing diaphragm are still unclear, we aimed to determine the expression of mRNA and proteins of these 3 markers during the development of the central tendon of the diaphragm (CTD) and the surrounding diaphragm tissue in mice. Male mice from the embryonic and postnatal periods [embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), E17.5, postnatal day 1 (P1), and P5] were used and their mRNA and protein expressions were assessed using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that TNMD was preferentially detected in muscle-tendon junction of the CTD at E17.5 and P1, in contrast to scattered distribution of CGRP and VEGF-A throughout the diaphragm from E14.5 to P5. These findings may provide fundamental information concerning the role of the TNMD in the CTD development.

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