The Influence of Prolonged Aerobic Exercise on Cardiac, Muscular, and Renal Biomarkers in Trained Individuals with Obesity

Overview

Journal Eur J Appl Physiol

Date 2025 Jan 9

PMID 39786561

Authors

M DAlleva

J M Sanz

N Giovanelli

F Graniero

L Mari

R Spaggiari

D Sergi

S Ghisellini

A Passaro

S Lazzer

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of prolonged aerobic exercise on cardiac, muscular and renal inflammatory markers in a group of trained obese men.

Methods: Seventeen men (aged 40 ± 6 years; body mass index [BMI] 31.3 ± 2.8 kg m, maximal oxygen uptake [V'Omax] 41.5 ± 5.6 ml kg min) ran a half, 30 km, or full marathon. Troponin I (cTnI), the n-terminal creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), myoglobin, creatinine (CREA) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 3 days after the race (T2).

Results: The concentrations of cTnI, myoglobin, LDH, CK-MB and CREA significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas eGRF decreased at T1 (P < 0.05). All the above parameters returned to baseline at T2, except for eGFR, which remained lower than that at T0 (P < 0.05). A positive association was observed between ΔCK-MB (%) and the time spent in Zone 3 during the race (R = 0.686, P = 0.014). The Δmyoglobin (%) was positively correlated with race time, race mean speed and time in Zone 3 (R = 0.574-0.862, P < 0.05). The ∆CREA values were moderately correlated with the race mean HR (%) and time spent in Zone 3 (%) (R = 0.514-0.610; P = 0.05). The ∆eGRF values were moderately inversely correlated with the time spent in Zone 3 (%) (R = - 0.627; P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Changes in cardiac, muscular and renal inflammatory markers in trained men with obesity are consistent with those described in the literature in normal-weight individuals. Finally, running parameters, such as running time, average running intensity and time in Zone 3 appear to be responsible for the changes in cardiac, muscular and renal function markers after long-distance running.

References

Aengevaeren V, Baggish A, Chung E, George K, Kleiven O, Mingels A . Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin Elevations: From Underlying Mechanisms to Clinical Relevance. Circulation. 2021; 144(24):1955-1972. PMC: 8663527. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056208. View

Arakawa K, Hosono A, Shibata K, Ghadimi R, Fuku M, Goto C . Changes in blood biochemical markers before, during, and after a 2-day ultramarathon. Open Access J Sports Med. 2016; 7:43-50. PMC: 4847591. DOI: 10.2147/OAJSM.S97468. View

Atkinson G, Nevill A . Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med. 1998; 26(4):217-38. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002. View

Beaver W, Wasserman K, Whipp B . A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1986; 60(6):2020-7. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.2020. View

Brezis M, Rosen S . Hypoxia of the renal medulla--its implications for disease. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332(10):647-55. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199503093321006. View

Campos Y, Casado A, Vieira J, Guimaraes M, Santana L, Leitao L . Training-intensity Distribution on Middle- and Long-distance Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Med. 2021; 43(4):305-316. DOI: 10.1055/a-1559-3623. View

Da Ponte A, Giovanelli N, Antonutto G, Nigris D, Curcio F, Cortese P . Changes in cardiac and muscle biomarkers following an uphill-only marathon. Res Sports Med. 2017; 26(1):100-111. DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2017.1393750. View

Eijsvogels T, Veltmeijer M, George K, Hopman M, Thijssen D . The impact of obesity on cardiac troponin levels after prolonged exercise in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 112(5):1725-32. PMC: 3324678. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2145-3. View

Eijsvogels T, Hoogerwerf M, Maessen M, Seeger J, George K, Hopman M . Predictors of cardiac troponin release after a marathon. J Sci Med Sport. 2014; 18(1):88-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.12.002. View

10.

Foster C, Florhaug J, Franklin J, Gottschall L, Hrovatin L, Parker S . A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res. 2001; 15(1):109-15. View

11.

Gottschall J, Kram R . Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running. J Biomech. 2005; 38(3):445-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.04.023. View

12.

Gray D, Bray G, Gemayel N, Kaplan K . Effect of obesity on bioelectrical impedance. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989; 50(2):255-60. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/50.2.255. View

13.

Hewing B, Schattke S, Spethmann S, Sanad W, Schroeckh S, Schimke I . Cardiac and renal function in a large cohort of amateur marathon runners. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2015; 13:13. PMC: 4372316. DOI: 10.1186/s12947-015-0007-6. View

14.

Hottenrott K, Ludyga S, Schulze S, Gronwald T, Jager F . Does a run/walk strategy decrease cardiac stress during a marathon in non-elite runners?. J Sci Med Sport. 2014; 19(1):64-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.11.010. View

15.

Howley E, Bassett Jr D, Welch H . Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995; 27(9):1292-301. View

16.

Liu C, Hu J, Bai X . A Systematic Review of Literature on Caregiving Preparation of Adult Children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023; 20(13). PMC: 10341992. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136295. View

17.

Keytsman C, Van Noten P, Spaas J, Nieste I, Van Asch P, Eijnde B . Periodized home-based training: A new strategy to improve high intensity exercise therapy adherence in mildly affected patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018; 28:91-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.12.018. View

18.

Koller A, Sumann G, Griesmacher A, Falkensammer G, Klingler A, Fliri G . Cardiac troponins after a downhill marathon. Int J Cardiol. 2007; 129(3):449-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.06.075. View

19.

Levey A, Stevens L, Schmid C, Zhang Y, Castro 3rd A, Feldman H . A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 150(9):604-12. PMC: 2763564. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006. View

20.

Lieberman D, Venkadesan M, Werbel W, Daoud A, DAndrea S, Davis I . Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners. Nature. 2010; 463(7280):531-5. DOI: 10.1038/nature08723. View