Advancements in Nose-to-brain Drug Targeting for Alzheimer's Disease: a Review of Nanocarriers and Clinical Insights

Overview

Journal Inflammopharmacology

Specialty Pharmacology

Date 2025 Jan 8

PMID 39776027

Authors

Kumari Komal

Rashmi Ghosh

Debayan Sil

Rohit Sharma

Sourabh Kumar

Prachi Pandey

Manish Kumar

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurodegenerative disease that describes cognitive decline and memory loss resulting in disability in movement, memory, speech etc. Which first affects the hippocampal and entorhinal cortex regions of brain. Pathogenesis of AD depends on Amyloid-β, hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein, mitochondrial dysfunction, cholinergic hypothesis and oxidative stress. In comparison with males, females are more prone to AD due to reduced estrogen level. Some of the FDA-approved drugs and their conventional formulations available in the market are discussed in this review. Nose-to-brain delivery system provides the target specific drug delivery via olfactory and trigeminal nerve (active and passive drug targeting strategies) and bypassing the Blood Brain Barrier. Mucoadhesive agents and permeation enhancers are mostly utilized to enhance the retention time and bioavailability of the drugs. Liposomes, niosomes, cubosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles, and many more nanocarriers for nose-to-brain delivery of drugs are also described thoroughly in this review. It also covers the clinical trials and patents for nose-to-brain delivery. In this article, we investigate the nose-to-brain pathways for AD treatment strategies.

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