The Pestivirus RNase E Tames the Interferon Response of the Respiratory Epithelium

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a pestivirus in the family , is a major livestock pathogen. Horizontal transmission leads to acute transient infections via the oronasal route, whereas vertical transmission might lead to the birth of immunotolerant, persistently infected animals. In both cases, BVDV exerts an immunosuppressive effect, predisposing infected animals to secondary infections. E, an immunomodulatory viral protein, is present on the envelope of the virus and is released as a soluble protein. In this form, it is taken up by cells and, with its RNase activity, degrades single- and double-stranded (ds) RNA, thus preventing activation of the host's interferon system. Here, we show that E of the pestiviruses BVDV and Bungowannah virus effectively inhibit dsRNA-induced IFN synthesis in well-differentiated airway epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface. This activity was observed independently of the side of entry, apical or basolateral, of the pseudostratified, polarized cell layer. Virus infection was successful from both surfaces but was inefficient, requiring several days of incubation. Virus release was almost exclusively restricted to the apical side. This confirms that primary, well-differentiated respiratory epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface are an appropriate model to study viral infection and innate immunotolerance in the bovine respiratory tract. Furthermore, evidence is presented that E might contribute to the immunosuppressive effect observed after BVDV infections, especially in persistently infected animals.