Excessive Extracellular Ammonium Production by a Free-Living Nitrogen-Fixing Soil Sp. Strain

A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, and obligate anaerobic bacterial strain OS1-26 was isolated from apple orchard soil in Iksan, South Korea. Interestingly, strain OS1-26 was observed to possess the functional genes involved in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), including , which was actively transcribed during the anaerobic cultivation with excessive production of extracellular NH despite of presence of other fixed N nutrients. The BNF of strain OS1-26 was distinguished from the other well-known diazotrophs, such as and . The altruistic N-fixing ability of the strain may play a pivotal role in providing N nutrients to the microbial community and plants in the soil ecosystem. The microorganism grew at 25-35 °C (optimum 30-35 °C) and pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum 6.0-8.0) but was not able to grow in the presence of >0.5% NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids of strain OS1-26 were C, C, and the summed feature consisted of C ω7c and C ω6c (35.63%, 25.29%, and 18.84%, respectively). The 16S rRNA phylogeny indicated that strain OS1-26 is a member of the genus , and the closest species are , and with 16S rRNA sequence similarities such as 99.71%, 98.52%, and 98.45%, respectively. In spite of the high 16S rRNA sequence similarity, strain OS1-26 showed overall genomic relatedness, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI), and phenotypical features distinctly different from . Although the species taxonomy of strain OS1-26 is undetermined within the genus based on overall genomic and phenotypic properties, further studies on the soil bacterial strain would enhance our understanding of its taxonomic identity, ecological roles for the terrestrial soil N cycle, and the potential to be developed as a biological N fertilizer.