and Synergistically Regulate Nodulation and Affect Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in

Two symbiotic processes, nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhiza, are primarily controlled by the plant's need for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), respectively. Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) and autoregulation of mycorrhizal symbiosis (AOM) both negatively regulate their respective processes and share multiple components-plants that make too many nodules usually have higher arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungal root colonization. The protein TML (TOO MUCH LOVE) was shown to function in roots to maintain susceptibly to rhizobial infection under low N conditions and control nodule number through AON in . has two sequence homologs: TML1 and TML2. We report the generation of stable single and double mutants harboring multiple allelic variations in and using CRISPR-Cas9 targeted mutagenesis and screening of a transposon mutagenesis library. Plants containing single mutations in TML1 or TML2 produced two to three times the nodules of wild-type plants, whereas plants containing mutations in both genes displayed a synergistic effect, forming 20× more nodules compared to wild-type plants. Examination of expression and heterozygote effects suggests that genetic compensation may play a role in the observed synergy. Plants with mutations in both s only showed mild increases in AM fungal root colonization at later timepoints in our experiments, suggesting that these genes may also play a minor role in AM symbiosis regulation. The mutants created will be useful tools to dissect the mechanism of synergistic action of TML1 and TML2 in symbiosis with beneficial microbes.