The Bacterial Biofilms: Formation, Impacts, and Possible Management Targets in the Healthcare System

Overview

Journal Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol

Publisher Wiley

Date 2024 Dec 24

PMID 39717533

Authors

Eric Omori Omwenga

Silas Onyango Awuor

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

The persistent increase in multidrug-resistant pathogens has catalyzed the creation of novel strategies to address antivirulence and anti-infective elements. Such methodologies aim to diminish the selective pressure exerted on bacterial populations, decreasing the likelihood of resistance emergence. This review explores the role of biofilm formation as a significant virulence factor and its impact on the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ability of bacteria to form a superstructure-biofilm-has made resistance cases in the microbial world a big concern to public health and other sectors as it is a crucial virulence factor that causes difficulties in the management of infections, hence enhancing chronic infection occurrence. Biofilm formation dates to about 3.4 billion years when prokaryotes were discovered to be forming them and since then due to evolution and growth in science, they are more understood. The unique microenvironments within bacterial biofilms diminish antibiotic effectiveness and help bacteria evade the host immune system. Biofilm production is a widespread capability among diverse bacterial species. Biofilm formation is enhanced by quorum sensing (QS), reduction of nutrients, or harsh environments for the bacteria. The rise of severe, treatment-resistant biofilm infections poses major challenges in medicine and agriculture, yet much about how these biofilms form remains unknown.

References

Vuong C, Durr M, Carmody A, Peschel A, Klebanoff S, Otto M . Regulated expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules in Staphylococcus epidermidis: quorum-sensing determines pro-inflammatory capacity and production of phenol-soluble modulins. Cell Microbiol. 2004; 6(8):753-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00401.x. View

Walters M, Sperandio V . Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Int J Med Microbiol. 2006; 296(2-3):125-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.041. View

Lewis K . Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008; 322:107-31. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75418-3_6. View

Yarwood J, Bartels D, Volper E, Greenberg E . Quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2004; 186(6):1838-50. PMC: 355980. DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.6.1838-1850.2004. View

Brackman G, Defoirdt T, Miyamoto C, Bossier P, Van Calenbergh S, Nelis H . Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde derivatives reduce virulence in Vibrio spp. by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of the quorum sensing response regulator LuxR. BMC Microbiol. 2008; 8:149. PMC: 2551610. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-149. View

Newell P, Yoshioka S, Hvorecny K, Monds R, OToole G . Systematic analysis of diguanylate cyclases that promote biofilm formation by Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1. J Bacteriol. 2011; 193(18):4685-98. PMC: 3165641. DOI: 10.1128/JB.05483-11. View

Pires D, Oliveira H, Melo L, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J . Bacteriophage-encoded depolymerases: their diversity and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016; 100(5):2141-51. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7247-0. View

Ostovar G, Boedicker J . Phenotypic memory in quorum sensing. PLoS Comput Biol. 2024; 20(7):e1011696. PMC: 11257393. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011696. View

Stewart P, Costerton J . Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in biofilms. Lancet. 2001; 358(9276):135-8. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05321-1. View

10.

Chung P . The emerging problems of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections: carbapenem resistance and biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2016; 363(20). DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw219. View

11.

Awuor S, Omwenga E, Mariita R, Daud I . Cholera outbreak: antibiofilm activity, profiling of antibiotic-resistant genes and virulence factors of toxigenic isolates reveals concerning traits. Access Microbiol. 2022; 4(3):000324. PMC: 9175979. DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000324. View

12.

Zhou L, Zhang Y, Ge Y, Zhu X, Pan J . Regulatory Mechanisms and Promising Applications of Quorum Sensing-Inhibiting Agents in Control of Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol. 2020; 11:589640. PMC: 7593269. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.589640. View

13.

Stoodley P, Sauer K, Davies D, Costerton J . Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2002; 56:187-209. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705. View

14.

Warrier A, Mazumder N, Prabhu S, Satyamoorthy K, Murali T . Photodynamic therapy to control microbial biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020; 33:102090. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102090. View

15.

Omwenga E, Hensel A, Pereira S, Shitandi A, Goycoolea F . Antiquorum sensing, antibiofilm formation and cytotoxicity activity of commonly used medicinal plants by inhabitants of Borabu sub-county, Nyamira County, Kenya. PLoS One. 2017; 12(11):e0185722. PMC: 5665492. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185722. View

16.

Carmello J, Alves F, Basso F, de Souza Costa C, Tedesco A, Primo F . Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy reduces adhesion capacity and biofilm formation of Candida albicans from induced oral candidiasis in mice. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2019; 27:402-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.06.010. View

17.

Stewart P . Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacterial biofilms. Int J Med Microbiol. 2002; 292(2):107-13. DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00196. View

18.

Hall-Stoodley L, Hu F, Gieseke A, Nistico L, Nguyen D, Hayes J . Direct detection of bacterial biofilms on the middle-ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media. JAMA. 2006; 296(2):202-11. PMC: 1885379. DOI: 10.1001/jama.296.2.202. View

19.

Noirot-Gros M, Forrester S, Malato G, Larsen P, Noirot P . CRISPR interference to interrogate genes that control biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):15954. PMC: 6828691. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52400-5. View

20.

Stoodley P, Dodds I, Boyle J, Lappin-Scott H . Influence of hydrodynamics and nutrients on biofilm structure. J Appl Microbiol. 2010; 85 Suppl 1:19S-28S. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05279.x. View