Fermentation of Cigar Tobacco Leaves with Citrus Flavonoids: Changes in Chemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Properties

Overview

Journal Front Bioeng Biotechnol

Date 2024 Dec 24

PMID 39717530

Authors

Wanrong Hu

Wen Cai

Yun Jia

Qianying Zhang

Zhengcheng Zhang

Yue Wang

Chongde Sun

Dongliang Li

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Introduction: Fermentation plays a significant role in improving the quality of cigar tobacco leaves. Particularly, fermentation with characteristic additives has been identified as an effective approach to enhance the fermentation process. The objective of this study was to develop new additives and investigate their influence on cigar tobacco leaves.

Methods: The active ingredients extracted from three citrus species were obtained by ultrasonic-assisted extraction followed by solid phase purification. The effects of these ingredients as fermentation additives on the primary chemical components, microbial communities, and sensory quality of cigar tobacco leaves were subsequently analyzed.

Results: Results showed that: (1) Flavonoids were the main components of the prepared citrus extracts. (2) The addition of citrus extracts resulted in a reduced content of amino acids, oxalic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids in cigar tobacco leaves, while increasing the content of citric acid. Besides, the total amount of aroma substances in cigar tobacco leaves increased by 38.15% with the addition of citrus extracts, with notable enhancements in the levels of -limonene, β-dihydroionone, dihydroactiniolactone, and other representative aroma components. (3) The addition of citrus extracts promoted the succession of the microbial community in cigar tobacco leaves and promoted the enrichment of and . (4) The addition of citrus extracts effectively reduced the irritation and improved the aroma richness of cigar tobacco leaves.

Discussion: In this study, the influence of citrus-derived active ingredients on cigar quality was systematically analyzed, providing a reference for the development of characteristic fermentation additives for cigars and the extension of cigar quality enhancement technologies.

References

Sang Q, Jia Q, Zhang H, Lin C, Zhao X, Zhang M . Chemical profiling and quality evaluation of Zhishi-Xiebai-Guizhi Decoction by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UPLC fingerprint. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020; 194:113771. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113771. View

Charnock H, Pickering G, Kemp B . The Maillard reaction in traditional method sparkling wine. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13:979866. PMC: 9459140. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979866. View

Raman G, Mohan K, Manohar V, Sakthivel N . Biodegradation of nicotine by a novel nicotine-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida TND35 and its new biotransformation intermediates. Biodegradation. 2013; 25(1):95-107. DOI: 10.1007/s10532-013-9643-4. View

Wieschalka S, Blombach B, Bott M, Eikmanns B . Bio-based production of organic acids with Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Biotechnol. 2012; 6(2):87-102. PMC: 3917452. DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12013. View

Hu W, Cai W, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Luo C, Xue F . Study on the chemical compositions and microbial communities of cigar tobacco leaves fermented with exogenous additive. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):19182. PMC: 9649726. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23419-y. View

Costa O, de Hollander M, Pijl A, Liu B, Kuramae E . Cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent metagenomes reveal genetic and enzymatic potential of microbial community involved in the degradation of a complex microbial polymer. Microbiome. 2020; 8(1):76. PMC: 7265232. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00836-7. View

Si H, Cui B, Liu F, Zhao M . Microbial community and chemical composition of cigar tobacco ( L.) leaves altered by tobacco wildfire disease. Plant Direct. 2023; 7(12):e551. PMC: 10719477. DOI: 10.1002/pld3.551. View

Jia Y, Zhou W, Yang Z, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Liu Y . A critical assessment of the strains isolated from cigar tobacco leaves. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023; 11:1201957. PMC: 10485251. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1201957. View

Wu Q, Peng Z, Pan Y, Liu L, Li L, Zhang J . Interaction analysis of tobacco leaf microbial community structure and volatiles flavor compounds during cigar stacking fermentation. Front Microbiol. 2023; 14:1168122. PMC: 10457113. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1168122. View

10.

Hu W, Cai W, Jia Y, Fan J, Zhu B, Zhang Q . Sensory attributes, chemical and microbiological properties of cigars aged with different media. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023; 11:1294667. PMC: 10628719. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1294667. View

11.

Zhang Q, Geng Z, Li D, Ding Z . Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and co-occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue-cured tobacco leaves. Microbiologyopen. 2019; 9(2):e965. PMC: 7002102. DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.965. View

12.

Zong P, Hu W, Huang Y, An H, Zhang Q, Chai Z . Effects of adding cocoa fermentation medium on cigar leaves in agricultural fermentation stage. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023; 11:1251413. PMC: 10469782. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1251413. View

13.

Du Y, Xin W, Xia Y, Zhu M, Qin J, Pan Z . Analysis of fermentation control factors on volatile compounds of primary microorganisms in Jiang-flavor Daqu. J Food Biochem. 2022; 46(10):e14277. DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14277. View

14.

Garay L, Sitepu I, cajka T, Cathcart E, Fiehn O, German J . Simultaneous production of intracellular triacylglycerols and extracellular polyol esters of fatty acids by Rhodotorula babjevae and Rhodotorula aff. paludigena. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2017; 44(10):1397-1413. DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1964-6. View

15.

Ren M, Qin Y, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Shi H . Effects of fermentation chamber temperature on microbes and quality of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023; 107(21):6469-6485. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12750-7. View

16.

Yang L, Liu L, Ji L, Jiang C, Jiang Z, Li D . Analysis of differences in aroma and sensory characteristics of the mainstream smoke of six cigars. Heliyon. 2024; 10(4):e26630. PMC: 10906419. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26630. View

17.

Jiang X, Zhu Y, Ma G, Liu P, Chen L . Qualitative and quantitative analysis of major components of Renshen-Yangrong Pill by UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap/MS and UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2023; 227:115276. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115276. View

18.

Wang Y, Liu X, Chen J, Cao J, Li X, Sun C . Citrus flavonoids and their antioxidant evaluation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021; 62(14):3833-3854. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1870035. View