Virtual Surgical Planning in Craniofacial Surgery: The Top 50 Most Frequently Cited Papers

Reporting the 50 most cited manuscripts on virtual surgical planning (VSP) for craniofacial surgery, thereby providing a comprehensive review of landmark papers. The Web of Science Citation Index was used to identify the 50 most cited manuscripts on VSP in craniofacial surgery. These were classified by level of evidence, type of study, topic of interest, and anatomic site. The mean number of citations was 126.3 ± SD 51.7. Twenty were clinical papers: 9 reviews, and 21 workflow or technology. The most common level of evidence (LoE) was 4 ( = 12), followed by 3 ( = 6), 2 ( = 1), and 5 ( = 1). Thirty-nine of 50 articles focused on the maxillomandibular area of the face, 5 zygomatic, 5 orbit, 2 cranial vault, and 1 nasal ethmoid bone. The majority of articles (37 of 50) were on orthognathic surgery, 11 facial reconstruction, 2 calvarium reconstruction or craniosynostosis, and 2 free flap procedures. Year of publication ranged from 2000 to 2019; 34 articles were published in craniomaxillofacial journals. VSP is a relatively new technology and most highly cited articles on this topic pertain to workflow, technology, and protocols, as these are necessary for its integration into clinical practice. In our list, VSP was most used in orthognathic surgery; however, due to the potential increased efficiency and accuracy, it is being explored in other areas of craniofacial surgery such as facial reconstruction and craniosynostosis. Accordingly, we expect to see increasingly widespread usage of VSP in other areas of surgery, which could potentially lead to highly cited papers.