Characteristics, Source Apportionment and Health Risks of Indoor and Outdoor Fine Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Jinan, North China

Overview

Journal PeerJ

Specialties Biology
Environmental Health
General Medicine

Date 2024 Dec 20

PMID 39703913

Authors

Xiaomei Gao

Ziyi Wang

Xiaoyan Sun

Weidong Gao

Wei Jiang

Xi Wang

Fenfen Zhang

Xinfeng Wang

Lingxiao Yang

Yang Zhou

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

To investigate the pollution characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indoors and outdoors and their influencing factors, PM samples were systematically collected from both environments in Jinan during the summer and autumn seasons. During the observation period, the concentration of ∑ 19PAHs was 18.57 ± 10.50 ng/m indoors and 23.79 ± 16.13 ng/m outdoors. Most PAHs exhibited indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios less than 1, indicating that indoor PAHs were primarily derived from the infiltration of outdoor sources. Correlation analysis underscored the significant influence of temperature on both outdoor concentrations and I/O ratios of PAHs. By utilizing diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), vehicle emissions were identified as the predominant source of outdoor PAHs. Our study found that the toxic equivalents of benzo[a]pyrene (TEQ) values exceeded the European Commission's standard of 1 ng/m, with indoor values at 2.78 ng/m and outdoor values at 3.57 ng/m. Moreover, the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) associated with exposure to PM-bound PAHs surpassed the acceptable level of 10E-6, indicating potential adverse health effects. These results underscore the urgent necessity for more stringent regulatory measures to reduce PAH emissions. Additionally, our findings provide valuable insights into how environmental factors shape the relationship between indoor and outdoor PAHs.

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