Age- and Sex-standardized Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption and Its Determinants in the Western Region of Iran, Ilam: a Cross-sectional Study

Overview

Journal BMC Public Health

Publisher Biomed Central

Specialty Public Health

Date 2024 Dec 19

PMID 39696137

Authors

Arezoo Sarmad

Dilan Ahmadzadeh

Mohammad Bazyar

Kamran Malekan

Zahra Malekan

Reza Pakzad

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Background And Objective: In recent years, alcohol consumption in different parts of Iran has increased. However, this growth was dramatic in deprived regions. The percent study aimed to determine the age-sex standardized prevalence of alcohol consumption and related factors in the general population of Ilam city during 2021-2022.

Method: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population of Ilam city located in western Iran. A total of 1,431 individuals over the age of 15 were included in the study using multi-stage cluster sampling. Alcohol consumption was assessed using a Persian version of high-risk behavior questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha > 73%). Analysis was done by Stata version 11 and R Software. Logistic regression analysis was used for data analysis and calculating odds ratio (OR), and a significance level of 0.05 was considered.

Results: In total 1,431 individuals completed the questionnaire. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of the study participants was 43.40 ± 15.51 years. The age-sex standardized prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) of alcohol consumption was 4.05% (95% CI: 3.09 to 5.20). Based on multiple logistic model, having a bachelor's degree (OR: 7.13; 95% CI: 1.89 to 26.76), cigarette smoking (OR: 6.92; 95% CI: 2.94 to 16.29), hookah smoking (OR: 7.34; 95% CI: 3.09 to 17.47) and drug abuse (OR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.38 to 5.99) had a positive association with alcohol consumption. Furthermore, having a high economic status 0.62 (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.48) had a negative association with alcohol consumption. The most powerful determinants (according to standardized coefficient) for alcohol consumption were hookah smoking (standardized coefficient: 0.588) and high education level (0.743).

Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of alcohol consumption in the population over 15 years old, it is necessary to take preventive and intervention measures, with more attention from health policymakers and other sectors.

References

Redonnet B, Chollet A, Fombonne E, Bowes L, Melchior M . Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and other illegal drug use among young adults: the socioeconomic context. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011; 121(3):231-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.002. View

Pourmohammadi B, Jalilvand M . Prevalence of alcohol consumption and related factors among students of higher education centers in one of the northeastern cities of Iran. AIMS Public Health. 2020; 6(4):523-533. PMC: 6940569. DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.4.523. View

Erol A, Karpyak V . Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015; 156:1-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.023. View

Hendriks H . Alcohol and Human Health: What Is the Evidence?. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2020; 11:1-21. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051827. View

Sebastiao R, Neto D . Longitudinal association of stress with mental health in the context of COVID-19: The mediating role of psychological flexibility and emotional schemas. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2024; 17(1):e12614. PMC: 11652121. DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12614. View

Rezaei N, Ahmadi N, Shams Beyranvand M, Hasan M, Gohari K, Yoosefi M . Alcohol consumption and related disorders in Iran: Results from the National Surveillance of Non-Communicable Diseases' Survey (STEPs) 2016. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023; 2(11):e0000107. PMC: 10021244. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000107. View

Park S, Kim D . Global and regional impacts of alcohol use on public health: Emphasis on alcohol policies. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2020; 26(4):652-661. PMC: 7641561. DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0160. View

Alpert H, Slater M, Yoon Y, Chen C, Winstanley N, Esser M . Alcohol Consumption and 15 Causes of Fatal Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2022; 63(2):286-300. PMC: 9347063. DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.03.025. View

Al-Ansari B, Thow A, Mirzaie M, Day C, Conigrave K . Alcohol policy in Iran: Policy content analysis. Int J Drug Policy. 2019; 73:185-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.032. View

10.

Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu C . Alcohol consumption and associated factors among middle-aged and older adults: results from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMC Public Health. 2022; 22(1):322. PMC: 8848974. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12718-8. View

11.

Aboagye R, Kugbey N, Ahinkorah B, Seidu A, Cadri A, Akonor P . Alcohol consumption among tertiary students in the Hohoe municipality, Ghana: analysis of prevalence, effects, and associated factors from a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2021; 21(1):431. PMC: 8414877. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03447-0. View

12.

Mohammadi M, Nedjat S, Dargahpour M, Mehri A, Majdzadeh R . Factors Associated With Self-Burning Among Women in Reproductive Age of Ilam: A Case-Control Study in a Western Part of Iran. Arch Suicide Res. 2020; 26(2):707-715. DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1823917. View

13.

Lasebikan V, Ayinde O, Odunleye M, Adeyefa B, Adepoju S, Fakunle S . Prevalence of alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders among outdoor drinkers in public open places in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(1):400. PMC: 5870070. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5344-6. View

14.

Martin C . High Socioeconomic Status Predicts Substance Use and Alcohol Consumption in U.S. Undergraduates. Subst Use Misuse. 2019; 54(6):1035-1043. DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1559193. View

15.

Moradinazar M, Najafi F, Jalilian F, Pasdar Y, Hamzeh B, Shakiba E . Prevalence of drug use, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and measure of socioeconomic-related inequalities of drug use among Iranian people: findings from a national survey. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2020; 15(1):39. PMC: 7275311. DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00279-1. View

16.

Chegeni M, Kamel Khodabandeh A, Karamouzian M, Shokoohi M, Abedi L, Khalili M . Alcohol consumption in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2020; 39(5):525-538. DOI: 10.1111/dar.13093. View

17.

Motschman C, Tiffany S . Combined smoking and alcohol cues: Effects on craving, drug-seeking, and consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021; 45(9):1864-1876. PMC: 8526376. DOI: 10.1111/acer.14662. View

18.

Popova S, Lange S, Probst C, Gmel G, Rehm J . Global prevalence of alcohol use and binge drinking during pregnancy, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Biochem Cell Biol. 2017; 96(2):237-240. DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0077. View

19.

Kakaei H, Maleki F, Biderafsh A, Valizadeh R, Mansournia M, Pakzad I . High prevalence of mental disorders: a population-based cross-sectional study in the city of Ilam, Iran. Front Psychiatry. 2023; 14:1166692. PMC: 10293629. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1166692. View

20.

Manning L, Kowalska A . Illicit Alcohol: Public Health Risk of Methanol Poisoning and Policy Mitigation Strategies. Foods. 2021; 10(7). PMC: 8303512. DOI: 10.3390/foods10071625. View