A Potential Antifungal Bioproduct for Microsporum Canis: Bee Venom

Overview

Journal Onderstepoort J Vet Res

Specialty Veterinary Medicine

Date 2024 Dec 18

PMID 39692341

Authors

Armagan E Utuk

Tulin Guven Gokmen

Hatice Yazgan

Funda Eski

Nevin Turut

Sifa Karahan

Ibrahim Kivrak

Sedat Sevin

Osman Sezer

Affiliations

Soon will be listed here.

Abstract

Natural treatment options for Microsporum canis dermatophytosis are being explored because of resistance to several antifungal medications. In this study, the potential antifungal effect of bee venom (BV), a natural antimicrobial agent, on M. canis was investigated. The antifungal effects of BV, fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine were evaluated by the macrodilution method at various concentrations by modifying the microdilution method recommended by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. All isolates were observed to be susceptible to terbinafine and fully resistant to fluconazole and amphotericin B. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of M. canis isolate 2 (Mc2) were determined as 8 µg/mL for itraconazole. The MIC and MFC values of BV were found to be 320 µg/mL for the Mc2 isolate and 640 µg/mL for the Mc6 isolate. The results showed that the isolates obtained from clinical samples in this study were highly resistant to all antifungal agents, except terbinafine. The increase in resistance indicates that antifungal drugs will become insufficient and ineffective over time and natural products such as BV should be evaluated as alternatives.Contribution: Although there are many drugs for the treatment of M. canis, the increase in resistance to antifungal agents reveals the need for the identification and development of new natural agents. Bee venom, which has been shown to have a safe and weak allergenic effect in various studies, can be tested for usability as a local antifungal drug when supported by in vivo studies.

References

Begum J, Kumar R . Prevalence of dermatophytosis in animals and antifungal susceptibility testing of isolated Trichophyton and Microsporum species. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020; 53(1):3. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02476-3. View

Kim H, Park S, Lee G . Potential Therapeutic Applications of Bee Venom on Skin Disease and Its Mechanisms: A Literature Review. Toxins (Basel). 2019; 11(7). PMC: 6669657. DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070374. View

De Pauw B . New antifungal agents and preparations. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000; 16(2):147-50. DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00221-1. View

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G . Evaluation of the cytogenetic status of human lymphocytes after exposure to a high concentration of bee venom in vitro. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2009; 60(1):27-34. DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1896. View

Isidorov V, Zalewski A, Zambrowski G, Swiecicka I . Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Honey Bee Venom. Molecules. 2023; 28(10). PMC: 10223701. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104135. View

Hsiao Y, Chen C, Han H, Kano R . The first report of terbinafine resistance Microsporum canis from a cat. J Vet Med Sci. 2018; 80(6):898-900. PMC: 6021895. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0680. View

Aneke C, Otranto D, Cafarchia C . Therapy and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of . J Fungi (Basel). 2018; 4(3). PMC: 6162526. DOI: 10.3390/jof4030107. View

Yamada S, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T . An Epidemiological Study of Feline and Canine Dermatophytoses in Japan. Med Mycol J. 2019; 60(2):39-44. DOI: 10.3314/mmj.19.001. View

Uddin M, Lee B, Nikapitiya C, Kim J, Kim T, Lee H . Inhibitory effects of bee venom and its components against viruses in vitro and in vivo. J Microbiol. 2016; 54(12):853-866. PMC: 7091203. DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6376-1. View

10.

Debnath C, Mitra T, Kumar A, Samanta I . Detection of dermatophytes in healthy companion dogs and cats in eastern India. Iran J Vet Res. 2016; 17(1):20-4. PMC: 4898015. View

11.

Lee J, Lee D . Influence of the hydrophobic amino acids in the N- and C-terminal regions of pleurocidin on antifungal activity. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010; 20(8):1192-5. DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1004.04041. View

12.

Kano R, Watanabe M, Tsuchihashi H, Ogawa T, Ogawa Y, Komiyama E . Antifungal Susceptibility Testing for Microsporum canis from Cats in Japan. Med Mycol J. 2023; 64(1):19-22. DOI: 10.3314/mmj.22-00014. View

13.

Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Pennisi M, Addie D, Belak S, Boucraut-Baralon C . Dermatophytosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg. 2013; 15(7):598-604. PMC: 11148949. DOI: 10.1177/1098612X13489222. View

14.

Lima W, De Lima M . Therapeutic Prospection of Animal Venoms-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides against Infections by Multidrug-Resistant : A Systematic Review of Pre-Clinical Studies. Toxins (Basel). 2023; 15(4). PMC: 10143903. DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040268. View

15.

Sjakste N, Gajski G . A Review on Genotoxic and Genoprotective Effects of Biologically Active Compounds of Animal Origin. Toxins (Basel). 2023; 15(2). PMC: 9961038. DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020165. View

16.

de Castro Figueiredo Bordon K, Cologna C, Fornari-Baldo E, Pinheiro-Junior E, Cerni F, Amorim F . From Animal Poisons and Venoms to Medicines: Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives in Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11:1132. PMC: 7396678. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01132. View

17.

Medoff G, Dismukes W, Pappagianis D, Diamond R, Gallis H, Drutz D . Evaluation of new antifungal drugs for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. Clin Infect Dis. 1992; 15 Suppl 1:S274-81. DOI: 10.1093/clind/15.supplement_1.s274. View

18.

Arendrup M, Kahlmeter G, Guinea J, Meletiadis J . How to: perform antifungal susceptibility testing of microconidia-forming dermatophytes following the new reference EUCAST method E.Def 11.0, exemplified by Trichophyton. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 27(1):55-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.042. View

19.

Lee S . Antifungal Activity of Bee Venom and Sweet Bee Venom against Clinically Isolated Candida albicans. J Pharmacopuncture. 2016; 19(1):45-50. PMC: 4887751. DOI: 10.3831/KPI.2016.19.006. View

20.

Park J, Kwon O, An H, Park K . Antifungal Effects of Bee Venom Components on : A Novel Approach of Bee Venom Study for Possible Emerging Antifungal Agent. Ann Dermatol. 2018; 30(2):202-210. PMC: 5839892. DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.2.202. View