Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors and Pernicious Anemia: A Case Report and Literature Review

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs) are rare neoplasms, with the gastric (stomach) subtype (G-NETs) representing a significant clinical focus. Type 1 G-NETs are particularly noteworthy due to their relationship with autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AAG) and pernicious anemia (PA), conditions that impact vitamin B12 absorption. This report presents the case of a patient with a type 1 G-NET identified at the initial diagnosis of PA, demonstrating the connection between these conditions. In the literature review, we discuss the general mechanisms underlying PA, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and diagnostic approaches. Emphasis is placed on the importance of recognizing and diagnosing this condition early, given the treatable nature of the associated gastric neuroendocrine dysregulation. Additionally, the report examines the broad spectrum of G-NETs, with a special emphasis on the characteristics of type 1 tumors. By considering recent developments in the field, we provide an overview of the current understanding of G-NET epidemiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management strategies.